Bard Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series (All)

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  Antibody Gene Formation

  David Baltimore

  (Abstract taken from the 1990-91 DSLS Program.)

  David Baltimore, a 1975 Nobel Laureate in Physiology or Medicine. has recently been appointed the President of Rockefeller University. He was most recently the Director of the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

  Born in New York City, Dr. Baltimore received his bachelor’s degree from Swarthmore in 1960 and then returned to New York City to earn a Ph.D. al the Rockefeller Institute in 1964. In 1965, after research fellowships at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in l963-64 and the AIbert Einstein CoIIege of Medicine (1964 - I965), Dr. Baltimore moved to California to become a Research Associate at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, where he worked with Renąto Dulbecco, one of the foremost researchers in animal virology. In 1968 Dr. Baltimore returned to MIT, which had offered him an associate professorship. He was appointed Professor of Biology in 1972 and American Cancer Society Professor of Microbiology in 1973. In 1982 he assumed the directorship of the new Whitehead łnstitute for Biomedical Research, the position he is relinquishing to become President of Rockefeller University.

  For his workDavid Baltimore has received numerous prizes and awards, including the Gustave Stern Award in Virology (1970), the Warren Triennial Prize (l97l), the Eli Lilly Award in Microbiology and Immunology (l971) the U S. Steel Award in Molecular BioIogy (1974), the Gairdner Foundation Annual Award (1974), and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1975). He has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences (1974), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1974), the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (1978I, the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences as a Fellow 11989), the Royal Society as a Foreign Member (1987), and the Institute of Medicine (1988).

  His work: David Baltimore shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Renate Dulbecco and Howard Temin for his discovery of reverse transcriptase, the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase of animal tumor viruses. This is the enzyme that ’violates the "central dogma" that" DNA makes RNA makes protein." Interesting in its own right, reverse transcriptase has become a key tool of biotechnology. Dr. Baltimore's more recent research interests have included the molecular genetic s of AIDS, cancer, and the immune response.

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  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1990-1991

  Bard College

  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Brochure 1990-1991, published by the Bard Center

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  Biotechnology and Plant Agriculture

  Winston J. Brill

  (Abstract taken from the 1990-91 DSLS Program).

  Formerly Vilas Research Professor of Bacteriology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and founder and Vice President of Research and Development of the Agracetus Corporation of Middleton, Wisconsin, Dr. Brill has recently formed a new company. Winston J. Brill & Associates, to assist corporations in improving research productivity and creativity.

  Dr. Brill was born in London, received his B.A. from Rutgers University in 1981, and earned his Ph.D. in microbiology at the University of Illinois, Urbana, in 1965. After obtaining his doctorate, he was involved in research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 1965 to 1967 as a National Institute of Health Postdoctoral Fellow. Dr. Brill was then appointed assistant professor of bacteriology at the University of Wisconsin, Madison, where he served as associate professor full professor and Vilas Research Professor. He is currently an adjunct professor in the Department of Bacteriology.

  In 1981 Dr. Brill founded the Agracetus Corporation, and served as its vice president and director of research until 1989. He has also served on the National Institute of Health Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee I1973—1983), the Genetic Engineering Advisory Panel to the U.S. Secretary of State (19811, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture P0licy Advising Committee (1985—present).

  Dr. Brill has received numerous honors, including the Eli Lilly Award in Microbiology and Immunology and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Award, both in 1979. He was elected t0 the National Academy of Sciences

  His work: Dr. Brill is a leader in the area of agricultural applications of biotechnology with approximately 160 publications, one patent, and two patents pending in the field. He has served on numerous committees aimed at evaluating the safety and effectiveness of genetic engineering in plants. His own research focuses on the use of genetic engineering to understand and to manipulate the process of nitrogen fixation in plants.

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  Retroviruses in Cancer and AIDS

  Robert Gallo

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1989-1990).

  Robert Gallo is one of the foremost virologists in the United States and is a leader in Cancer and AIDS research. Robert Gallo was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, received his B.S. from Providence College in 1959, and was awarded an M.D. by Jefferson Medical College in 1963. After serving as an intern and resident in medicine at the University of Chicago, Dr. Gallo moved to the National Cancer Institute, where he has been a clinical associate at the Medical Branch, a senior investigator and head of the section on cellular control mechanisms of the Human Tumor Cell Biology Branch, and is now Chief of the Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology. Dr. Gallo has served as adjunct professor of genetics at George Washington University, and adjunct professor of microbiology atCornell University. In1981 he represented the United States at the conference of the International Comparative Leukemiand Lymphoma Association. Dr. Gallo has served on the board of governors of the Franco-American AIDS Foundation and the World AIDS Foundation. Dr. Gallo received an honorary D.Sc. from his alma mater. Providence College, in 1974, the same year he was the recipient of the Dameshek Award of the American Hematology Society. He received the F. Stahlman Lecture Award in 1979. In 1983, he was given the Griffuel Prize by the Association for Cancer Research in France, and was recognized by the American Society of Infectious Disease in 1986. Dr. Gallo was also given the 1988 Japan Prize in Preventative Medicine.

  His Work: Early work on the nucleic acid metabolism of normal and leukemic white blood cells led Dr: Gallo to studies of a reverse transcriptase in human leukemicells and thence to the reverse transcriptases ofthe various retroviruses. many of which were known to cause cancer in animals. In 1980 he isolated the first human retrovirus. T-celleukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). and in 1983 he predicted that the newly-defined disease called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) would be found to be caused by a retrovirus. The hypothesis was confirmed with the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that same year in France by Luc Montagnier and in his own lab in 1984.

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  Towards the Reunification of Modern Mathematics and Physics

  Arthur M. Jaffe

  (Abstract taken from the 1990-1991 DSLS Program.)

  Arthur M. Jaffe is the Landon T. Clay Professor of Mathematics and Theoretical Science at Harvard University. He is also chief editor of Communications in Mathematical Physics, editor or Progress in Physics and Selecta Mathematica, and a Fellow of the American Physical Society.

  Dr. Jaffe earned his B.A. at Princeton University and e second bachelor‘s degree from Cambridge University. and returned to Princeton to earn a Ph.D. in physics. He taught at Stanford University, was a member at the particle physics group at S.L.A.C., end wee e research fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, before joining the faculty at Harvard. where he has been for over twenty years. Dr. Jaffe tool time off mom Harvard to be a visiting professor at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule in Zurich, at Princeton University and at Rockefeller University. and ha has delivered invited Iectur8g at many institutiions including Rice University, Yale University and the Mathematical Association of America.

  Dr. Jaffe is widely known for his work in mathematical physics. He earned Guggenheim and Sloan Fellowships and received an honorary degree from Harvard. He was given the New York Academy of Science Award in Mathametics and Physics and the Dannie Heinemann Prize by the American Physical Society.

  His work: Dr. Jaffe has written extensively in subjects such as vortices and monopoles. quantum field theory and statistical mechanics, constructive quantum field theory, and gauge field theories. His innovations in the methods and domain of field theory here enabled him to create mathematical models for a wide variety of phenomena, from quarks and monopoles in particle physics to critical exponents in condensed matter physics.

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  The Nature of the Computer: A Nontraditional Point of View

  Stephen Smale

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1989-1990).

  Stephen Smale was born in Flint, Michigan and was educated at the University of Michigan, receiving his B.S. in 1952, his M.S. in 1953, and his Ph.D. in 1957. He is Professor of Mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley, a position he has held since 1964. Dr. Smale is a foreign member of the Brazilian Academy of Science and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been a member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, and has twice been a visiting member at the Institute des Hautes Eludes Scientifiques. In1976, he was visiting professor there, and has served in the same capacity at the lnstituto de Matematica Pura e Aplicada in Rio de Janeiro, the University of Paris, and Yale University. Dr. Smale has been given the Veblen Prize for Geometry of the American Mathematical Society (1965), the University of Michigan Sesquicentennial Award (1967), and the Chauvenet Prize of the Mathematical Association ofAmerica (1988). He is known for his proof of the integrity of the simplex algorithm, published in 1982.

  His Work: Dr. Smale has directed his incisive attention to a succession of areas in mathematics over the years. He was honored with the Fields Medal for fundamental contributions to differential topology, including a pioneering proof of the Poincare conjecture. He subsequently has made no less pioneering contributions to the fields of dynamical systems and, more recently, computational complexity, both areas of great current interest.

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  Drug-Receptor Interactions: A Chemist's Approach

  Saul Wolfe

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1989-1990).

  Dr. Wolfe, the Chown Research Professor ofChemistry at Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, is the author of over 200 scientific papers and holds over 30 patents, including one for the commercial production of the drug ampicillin. He is co- author of the monograph Theoretical Physical Organic Chemistry to be published by John Wiley & Sons in 1990. Professor Wolfe earned his B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of Toronto and his Ph.D. from the University of Ottawa. He completed post-doctoral studies at the Weizmann Institute in Israel before joining the pharmaceutical division of Bristol-Myers. In his 28 years at Queen's University he has conducted research in drug design and has pioneered strategies which use biotechnology to reduce the time involved in the synthesis of new drugs. He has also addressed the theoretical aspects of the structure and reactivity of large molecules, specifically with regards to interactions between drugs and their receptors. Professor Wolfe's research efforts have been recognized by his election as a fellow of both the Chemical Institute of Canada and the Royal Society of Canada, by the Merck Award for outstanding achievement in organic chemistry, and by the Queen's University Prize for Excellence in Research. Professor Wolfe has lectured world-wide on topics ranging from pharmaceuticals to theoretical chemistry. Many of his former students hold professorships at major universities in the U.S., Canada, and Europe, and his research collaborators span the globe.

  His Work: Professor Wolfe's recent publications describe strategies for peptide conformational analysis as applied to receptor sites in drug design. Applications of these procedures have resulted in structure-activity relationships for penicillin and anti-convulsant drugs, among others.

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  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1989-1990

  Bard College

  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program1989-1990, published by the Bard Center

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  Frontiers of Material Research

  Mildred S. Dresselhaus

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1989-1990).

  Dr. Dresselhaus is currently Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She was formerly the holder of the Abby Rockefeller Mauze Chair in Electrical Engineering and in Physics at MIT. She is also affiliated with the Center for materials and Engineering, and with the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory at MIT where some of the experimental work of her group is carried out. Dr. Dresselhaus holds professorships in MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and the Department of Physics.

  Dr. Dresselhaus was born in Brooklyn and recieved her A.B. from Hunter College in 1951, graduation Summa Cum Laude. From 1951 to 1952, she was a Fulbright Fellow at Newnham College, Cambridge University, and was awarded an A.M. from Radcliffe College in 1953. She received her Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1958.

  Dr. Dresselhaus was a NSF Postdoctoral Fellow at Cornell University from 1958-60, and Staff Member at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory from from 1967-70. She has traveled widley as a visiting professor, as a visiting professor, holding that position in the Department of Physics of the University of Campinas (Brazil), in the summer of 1971 as well as the physics departments of the Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa, Israel (1972), the Aoyama Gakuin Universityand Nihon University in Tokyo, Japan (1973), and the Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Ceintificas in Caracas, Venezuela (1977).

  Dr. Dresselhaus received many honorary degrees and awards, among them the Hunter College Hall of Fame Award in 1972, the MIT Killian Faculty Award in 1986, and the Annual Achievement Award from the Engineering Societies of New England in 1988. She was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1974), the National Academy of Engineering (1974) and the National Academy of Science (1985).

  Dr. Dresselhaus was a member of the Committee on the Education and Employment of Women in Science and Engineering of the Commission on Human Resources, National Research Council, from 1975-77, and in 1984 served as President of the American Physical Society. She is a senior member of the Society of Women Engineers, and was elected member of the Harvard Alumni Board of Directors from 1974-77. She was on the editorial board of the Physical Review B from 1979-81. and in 1988 became a trustee of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

  Her Work: Dr. Dresselhaus has used and developed a wide range of techniques to study condensed matter physics, from microwave properties of superconductors to magnetic phases in semiconductors, and electronic structure of group V semimetals and graphite.

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  Collagen: The Great Biological Architect

  Raul J. Fleischmajer

  (Abstract taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1988-1989).

  Dr. Fleischmajer is Chairman and a professor of the Department of Dermatology of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City. Born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Dr. Fleischmajer earned his B.A. degree from Manuel Belgrano and his M.D. degree from the University of Buenos Aires. A United States citizen, Dr. Fleischmajer served as a resident of a number of hospitals, including New York University Hospital and Bellevue Hospital, both in New York City, and Philadelphia's Skin and Cancer Hospital. Dr. Fleischmajer has taught as an instructor at New York University and as a visiting lecturer at the University of Philadelphia. From 1968-79, Dr. Fleischmajer served as a professor of Medicine and the Director of the Division of Dermatology at the Hahnemann Medical College in Philadelphia, until his move to Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Dr. Fleischmajer' s awards include the Henry Silver Award in 1963 and a number of gold and silver awards for scientific exhibits. He currently serves as chief editor of Progress in Diseases of the Skin, a position he has held since 1980. He was chief editor of the International Journal of Dermatology for almost 15 years. Dr. Fleischmajer has been a reviewer for more than ten scientific journals and has written several books. The doctor's memberships include the American Medical Association, the American Academy of Dermatology, the American Dermatological Association, the American Association of Pathologists, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

  His Work: Dr. Fleischmajer has concentrated his research efforts on the biochemistry of skin, particularly its lipid metabolism and protein structure. His work has led him to an investigation of the role of collagen in the development of skin disorders such as scleroderma.

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  A New Approach to Control Diabetic Complications

  Jin H. Kinoshita

  (Abstract taken from the 1988-1989 Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program).

  Scientific Director of the National Eye Institute of the National Institute of Health (NIH), Dr. Kinoshita is also NIH Chief of the Laboratory of Mechanisms of Ocular Diseases. Born in San Francisco, Dr. Kinoshita earned his B.A. degree from Bard College, Columbia University, in 1944 and his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1952 with his thesis ''Transpeptidation and Transamidination Reactions." Dr. Kinoshita began his teaching career as an assistant in science at Bard College, Columbia University, in 1944. He then held various positions at Harvard Medical School beginning in 1947 as a research assistant in its Department of Biological Chemistry and concluding as professor of biochemical ophthalmology in its Howe Laboratory until 1973. Dr. Kinoshita is a member of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Diabetes Association, the Cooperative Cataract Research Group, and the United StatesJapan Program for Promotion in Science. He is also an honorary member of the International Society for Eye Research. Dr. Kinoshita is on the editorial board of Experimental Eye Research, a position he has held since 1962. The recipient of many awards for his work, Dr. Kinoshita' s honors include an award from the Cataract Research Foundation of Japan (1986), the Alcon Research Award (1983 and 1984), the DHHS Performance Award (1983), the Presidential Rank Award of Meritorious Executive (1981), the Proctor Medal of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthamology (1974), and the Friedenwald Memorial Award of the Association for Research in Ophthalmology (1965). Dr. Kinoshita's research interests include chemistry and metabolism of ocular tissues, the study of cataracts, and diabetes.

  His Work: Since the 1950s, the focus of Dr. Kinoshita' s research has been on the biochemistry of the lens of the mammalian eye, in particular the relationship of lens carbohydrate metabolism to the development of cataracts. His work has provided new insights into the formation of cataracts as a complication of diabetes.

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  What is 'Seeing' amd How Come Computers Can't· Do lt While We Can

  David Bryant Mumford

  This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1989-1990).

  David Mumford is the Higgins Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University. He was born in Sussex England, and received his B.A. from Harvard in 1957, graduating Magna Cum Laude. He completed his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1961.

  After receiving his Ph.D., Dr. Mumford became an instructor and research fellow in mathematics at Harvard, and in 1962 he was made an assistant professor. During this time he was also a member of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton and a visiting professor at the University of Tokyo. In 1963 he became an associate professor at Harvard, and was made Full Professor in 1967. He became the Higgins Professor of Mathematics in 1977, and from 1981-84 served as chairman of the Department of Mathematics. Dr. Mumford has twice been a visiting professor at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, India, and in 1976-77 was a visiting professor at the Institute des Hautes Etudes Scientifiques in Paris.

  Dr. Mumford was a junior fellow in the Society of Fellows at Harvard while completing his post-graduate work there. In 1974 he was awarded teh Fields Medal by the International Congress of Mathematics, and in 1975 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. He was made an honorary fellow of the Tata Institute for Fundamental Research in 1978, and was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Science by the University of Warwick in 1983. Dr. Mumford is currently a MacArthur Foundation Fellow. His published work includes Lectures on Curves and Surfaces (with G. Bergman, 1964), Abelian Varieties (1974), and Curves and Their Jacobians (1975). He is currently at work on a book entitled: An Atlas of Kleinian Groups, which will be published by the Cambridge University Press.

  His Work: Dr. Mumford has been honored for his many important contributions to the field of algebraic geometry. In the past few years he has begun to study the complex mechanisms underlying avian and human visual perception.

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  Time and the Physical Universe

  Norman E. Ramsey

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1989-1990).

  Norman F. Ramsey is the Higgins Professor ofPhysics at Harvard University. He has been a Harvard faculty member since 1947. Norman Ramsey received his A.B. and M.A. from Columbia University and degrees from Cambridge University. In1940 he received aPh.D. from Columbia University for molecular beam studies of rotational magnetic moments of molecules. He was awarded an Sc.D. by Cambridge University in1954 and by Oxford University in1973, as well as honorary D.Sc.'s from Case-Western Reserve University, Middlebury College, and Rockefeller University. After periods at the Carnegie Institution of Washington, the University of Illinois, the MIT Radiation Laboratory, and Los Alamos, he became an Associate Professor atColumbia University. He was executive secretary of the group of scientists who established Brookhaven National Laboratory and was the first chairman of its physics department. Norman Ramsey has been a Guggenheim Fellow and was the George Eastman Professor at Oxford University in1973-7 4. He was chairman of the physics section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1977 -78 and president of the American Physical Society in 1978-79. From 1966 to 1981 he was president of the Universities Research Association, which operates the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. He has been a trustee of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace since 1962 and of Rockefeller University since 1977. Since 1980 he has been chairman of the Board of Governors of the American Institute of Physics and since 1985 he has been president of the United Chapters of Phi Beta Kappa. Dr. Ramsey is a member of the American Physical Society, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the National Academy of Sciences. He received the Presidential Certificate of Merit in 1950, the E.O. Lawrence Award in 1960, the Davisson-Germer Prize in 1974, the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1984, the 1980 Columbia Award for Excellence inScience, and the 1987 IEEE Centennial Medal. Dr. Ramsey has also received the Monie Ferst Award, the Rabi Prize, the Mumford Premium in 1985, the Compton Medal in 1986, the Oersted Medal, and the National Medal of Science in 1988. Dr. Ramsey's books include Experimental Nuclear Physics, Nuclear Moments, Molecular Beams, and Quick Calculus!

  His Work: Dr. Ramsey has developed theories and experimental methods in fields ranging from particle physics to molecular beams. He and his associates have made precision measurements of the electric and magnetic properties of nucleons, nuclei, atoms, and molecules. He is well known for his work on atomic and molecular beams, including the invention of the hydrogen maser.

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  Radiation and Society

  Rosalyn S. Yalow

  (Abstract taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1988-1989).

  A Nobel laureate, Dr. Yalow is the Solomon A. Berson Distinguished Professor-At-Large of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine of the City University of New York. Dr. Yalow also serves as Chief of the Veterans Administration Radioimmunoassay Reference Laboratory, Senior Medical Investigator for the Veterans Administration, and Director of the Solomon A. Berson Research Laboratory at the Veterans Administration Hospital in the Bronx, New York. In 1945, Dr. Yalow became the second woman to earn a Ph.D. degree in physics from the University of Illinois, Urbana, where she also earned her M.S. degree. Her teaching experience includes service as the Chairman of the Department of Clinical Sciences at the Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx, New York, and as Professor Emeritus at Albert Einstein College of Medicine at Yeshiva University in New York City. Dr. Yalow won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1977 for her development of radioimmunoassay, which is an application of nuclear physics in clinical medicine. She was the second woman to be so honored. Dr. Yalow's additional honors include Enshrinement by the Engineering and Science Hall of Fame, Dayton, Ohio (1987), Sesquicentennial Commemorative Award of the National Library of Medicine (1986), Georg Charles de Hevesy Nuclear Medicine Pioneer Award (1986), Gratum Genus Humanum Gold Medal of the World Federation of Nuclear Medicine and Biology (1978), American Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award for Salute to Excellence (1977), and the "La Madonnina" International Prize of Milan (1977). A member of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Yalow is the co-editor of Hormone and Metabolic Research.

  Her Work Dr. Yalow has been a pioneer in the use of the radioimmunoassay in medical research and diagnosis. She introduced the technique a quarter of a century ago as a method of measuring the blood levels of insulin in diabetes patients. Subsequently, in both experimental and clinical medicine, the technique has proven extremely useful for the accurate determination of biologically active chemicals that occur at concentrations too low for previous methods of quantitative analysis.

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1988-1989).

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  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1988-1989

  Bard College

  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1988-1989, published by the Bard Center.

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  Current Issues and Future Directions in the Scientific Response to the AIDS Epidemic

  Anthony S. Fauci

  (Abstract taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1988-1989).

  The recording is unavailable.

  Dr. Fauci, Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) of the National Institute of Health (NIH), also serves as the Associate Director of the NIH for research on the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and as Director of the NIH Office of AIDS Research. A native of Brooklyn, New York, Dr. Fauci received his M.D. degree from Cornell University Medical College in 1966. After completing an internship at Cornell Medical Center in New York City, he began his work at the NIH as a clinical associate in the Laboratory of Clinical Investigation at the NIAID. Dr. Fauci was Deputy Clinical Director of NIAID from 1977 through 1984. In 1980, he was appointed Chief of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, a position he still holds. Dr. Fauci is a member of a number of professional societies, including the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, the American College of Physicians, the American Society for Clinical Investigation, the Association of American Physicians, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the American Academy of Allergy. He serves as a member on the editorial boards of many scientific journals, as associate editor of Current Therapy in Internal Medicine, as an editor of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, and as an author, co-author, or editor of more than 600 scientific publications including several textbooks.

  His Work: Dr. Fauci' s research has been in the field of human immunoregulation. He has made many contributions to basic and clinical understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of diseases of the immune system. He has developed cures for previously fatal diseases such as polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Dr. Fauci has recently demonstrated the precise nature of the immune defect in AIDS, and he has been instrumental in developing strategies for the therapy and immune reconstitution of patients with this disease.

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  What's Mathematical Physics to Physics?

  Michael Ellis Fisher

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1987-1988).

  Dr. Fisher was recently appointed the Wilson H. Elkins Professor in the Institute for Physical Science and Technology of the University of Maryland. Previously he was Horace White Professor of Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics at Cornell University, where he had taught since 1966. Born in Trinidad, West Indies, Dr. Fisher earned the Ph.D. degree in 1957 from King's College, London, where he was lecturer, reader, and professor of physics. He has also held distinguished visiting positions at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Rockefeller University, Stanford and Harvard universities, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; most recently he was visiting professor at the University of Oxford and the Weizmann Institute. Honors for Dr. Fisher's work have included the Wolf Prize in Physics, two Guggenheim fellowships, the New York Academy of Sciences Award in Physical and Mathematical Science, the Irving Langmuir Prize in Chemical Physics, and the Guthrie Medal and Prize of the Institute of Physics (U.K.). He has been elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Royal Society, and is an honorary fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Dr. Fisher is co-author of Analogue Compouting at Ultra-High Speed, The Nature of Critical Points, and The Theory of Equilibrium Critical Phenomena, as well as numerous articles in professional journals. He has served on the editorial boards of Communications in Mathematical Physics, Journal of Statistical Physics, Chemical Physics, and Journal of Theoretical Biology, among others.

  His Work: Dr. Fisher's research has been in the field of electronic analogue computing ( experimental and theoretical), statistical mechanics and chemical physics of condensed matter (theory of polymers, magnetism, phase transitions and critical and multicritical phenomena, liquid helium, wetting, rigorous foundations, etc.), and associated mathematical problems, including Toeplitz matrices, asymptotic approximation, and numerical analysis of power series.

  His Lecture: February 27, 1988: "What's Mathematical Physics to Physics?"

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  The Ordered and Disordered Brain in Isolated, Primitive Populations

  Daniel Carleton Gajdusek

  (Abstract taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1988-1989).

  A Nobel laureate, Dr. Gajdusek serves as the chief of the Laboratory of Central Nervous System Studies as well as the director of the Study of Child Growth and Development and Disease Patterns in Primitive Cultures and of the Laboratory of Slow, Latent and Temperate Virus Infections at the National Institute of Health. Born in 1923, Dr. Gajdusek earned his M.D. degree from Harvard Medical School in 1946, and he was a postdoctoral fellow in physical chemistry at California Institute of Technology in 1948. He was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology/ Medicine in 1976 based upon study of viruses, particularly slow virus infections and unconventional viruses. Dr. Gajdusek's memberships include the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the American Pediatric Society, the American Academy of Neurology, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. He serves on the editorial boards of Genetic Epidemiology, Neuroepidemiology, and Reviews of Infectious Diseases. Chairman of the Board of Directors of the SinoAmerican Center for International Scientific Studies, Dr. Gajdusek also serves on the Scientific Advisory Council of the ALS Foundation and on the Board of Associates of the Linus Pauling Institute of Science and Medicine. He has lectured extensively at such institutions as Harvard Medical School, the University of Pittsburgh, Brown University, Rutgers University, Yale University, and New York University Medical Center.

  His Work: Dr. Gajdusek's research has encompassed a broad range of subjects, including protein physical chemistry, mammalian virology, autoimmune diseases, neurological degenerative disorders, human evolution, child behavior, and learning in primitive cultures. Dr. Gajdusek is perhaps best known for his discovery of the slow virus that causes kuru, an infectious neurological disorder found among the Fore people of New Guinea and transmitted by the ritualistic consumption of human brain tissue.

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1988-1989).

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  The Phase Problem of X-Ray Crystallography

  Herbert A. Hauptman

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1987-1988).

  Dr. Hauptman, a Nobel laureate, is president and research director of the Medical Foundation of Buffalo and Research Professor of Biophysical Sciences at the State University of New York at Buffalo. Born in New York City, Dr. Hauptman earned the M.A. degree from Columbia University and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Maryland. He taught mathematics at the University of Maryland until 1970, during which time he also worked in mathematics and mathematical physics at the Naval Research Laboratory. He joined the Medical Foundation of Buffalo as head of the Mathematical Biophysics Laboratory in 1970 and was appointed president in 1986. Dr. Hauptman received early honors for his work with the Belden Prize in Mathematics in 1935 and the RESA Award in Pure Sciences in 1959. He was elected president of the Association of Independent Research Institutes in 1979 and 1980, and received the Travel Grant Award from the National Science Foundation for travel to India in 1982. In 1984 he was co-recipient of the Patterson Award, and in 1985 he was co-recipient with Jerome Karle of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in the "direct method," an analytical technique to determine the three-dimensional structure of molecules. He recently received the Norton Medal and the Gold Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. Dr. Hauptman has published extensively in the field of crystallography and phase determination. In addition to articles in scholarly journals and anthologies, he is the author of Crystal Structure Determination: The Role of the Cosine Seminvariants, co-author with Jerome Karle of Solution of the Phase Problems, and editor of Direct Methods in Crystallogy" hy, Proceedings of the 1976 Intercongress Symposium.

  His Work: Dr. Hauptman has developed statistical formulae applied to X-ray crystallography, a means of examining the architecture of substances by taking the crystallized spots and reconstructing them into a three-dimensional picture. His "direct methods" are now the standard procedure for determining the structure of small molecules such as hormones, vitamins and drugs.

  His Lecture: March 12, 1988: "The Phase Problem of X-Ray Crystallography"

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  The Bacterial Cell Membrane: Berlin Wall of the Cell

  Hans Kornberg

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1983-1984).

  RECORDING UNAVAILABLE.

  Born in Herford, Germany, Dr. Kornberg is Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, and Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Dr. Kornberg received the B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Sheffield, the M.A. and D.Sc. degrees from the University of Oxford, and the Sc.D. degree from the University of Cambridge. He did postdoctoral research at Yale University, the University of California, Berkeley, and the Public Health Research Institute (New York City) before returning to England to join the Medical Research Council's Cell Metabolism Unit. His work there with Sir Hans Krebs led to his appointments as Foundation Professor of Biochemistry at the University of Leicester and as a Fellow of the Royal Society. During his fifteen years at Leicester he established a School of Biological Sciences that became a model for others throughout the United Kingdom. In addition to his research, Dr. Kornberg has served as chairman of the Science Board of the British Science Research Council, as UK delegate and chairman of the NATO Advanced Studies Institute's Panel, as chairman of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, and as vice chairman of the European Molecular Biology Organization. He currently serves as academic governor of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and as Scientific Governor of the Weizmann Institute. Dr. Kornberg was honored with a Knighthood in 1978.

  His Work: Dr. Kornberg's research has focused on the nature and regulation of the processes that effect the entry into micro-organisms of food materials, and their subsequent utilization for the provision of energy and of cell components.

  His Lecture: April 9, 1988: "The Bacterial Cell Membrane: Berlin Wall of the Cell"

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  Chemistry of a Simple Behavioral System'

  Daniel E. Koshland Jr.

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1987-1988).

  Dr. Koshland is professor of biochemistry at the University of California at Berkeley and editor of Science magazine. Born in New York City, Dr. Koshland earned the B.S. degree from the University of California at Berkeley, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Chicago. After two postdoctoral years at Harvard University, he joined the staff of Brookhaven National Laboratory and held joint appointments at Rockefeller University and Brookhaven until 1965, when he joined the faculty at the University of California at Berkeley. Dr. Koshland is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Chemical Society, and the American Society of Biological Chemists, where he has served as president. Among his honors are the Edgar Fahs Smith Award and the Pauling Award of the American Chemical Society, the Rosenstiel Award of Brandeis University, and the T. Duckett Jones Award of the Helen Hay Whitney Foundation. He has been a Guggenheim Fellow and a Visiting Fellow of All Souls College at Oxford University, and was elected an honorary foreign member of the Japanese Biochemical Society and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. As founding member and chairman of the Academy Forum, a committee of the National Academy of Sciences, he helped develop policy on issues that pose dilemmas between science and societal problems. Currently chairman of the editorial board of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Koshland has served on the editorial boards of Accounts of Chemical Research, The Journal of Biological Chemistry, and the Journal of Molecular Biology.

  His Work: Dr. Koshland's early work focused on enzyme mechanisms and protein chemistry leading to the concept of single and double displacement reactions, the development of reagents for carboxyl groups and tryptophan, and the analysis of factors explaining the high catalytic power of enzymes. This work led to his concept of the induced fit theory, the general work on cooperativity mechanisms, and the discovery of negative cooperativity. His recent work has focused on mechanisms of behavior using bacterial chemotaxis as a model system.

  His Lecture April 30, 1988: "Chemistry of a Simple Behavioral System"

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  Traffic Problems and Their Solution in Animal Cells

  George E. Palade

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1987-1988).

  Recording is distorted.

  Dr. Palade, a Nobel laureate, is senior research Scientist and special advisor to the dean at Yale University School of Medicine. Born in Moldavia, Rumania, Dr. Palade earned the M.D. degree at the University of Bucharest while he was intern and resident at the Association of the Civil Hospital of Bucharest. He came to he United States in 1946 to be visiting investigator in the Department of Biology at New York Univerisity, and has since held positions at the Rockefeller Institute and Yale University. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the . National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, and several other scientific societies. Honors for Dr. Palade's work have included the National Medal of Science, the Henry Gray Award, the Schleiden Medaille, the Brown-Hazen Award, the Dickson Prize, and the Horwitz Prize, along others. In 1974 he received the Nobel Prize Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries, with A. Claude and C. DeDuve, on the structural and functional organization of the cell. He has also recieved a number of honorary degrees from both American and European universities. Dr. Palade is the author of many articles on issues in cell biology in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Annals of Biochemistry, Journal of Cell Biology and other scientific journals, as well as in several anthologies and proceedings. He has been editor of the Journal of Cell Biology and Journal of Molecular Biology and is presently editor of the editor of Membrance Biology and Annual Review of Cell Biology.

  His Work: Dr. Palade's research has concentrated on cell fractionation and electron microscopy. A series of he that he made on the cytoplasmic membrane systems led to his important work on protein synthesis, especially in the pancreatic cell.

  His Lecture: February 13, 1988: "Traffic Problems and Their Solution in Animal Cells"

• 

  Dynamics of Chain Molecules

  Walter H. Stockmayer

  (Abstract taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1988-1989).

  The recording of lecture not available.

  Dr. Stockmayer is the Albert W. Smith Professor Emeritus at Dartmouth College, a position he has held since 1979. In 1935, Dr. Stockrnayer graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After two years at Oxford University, he returned to M.1.T. and earned his Ph.D. degree in 1940. His thesis, directed by James A. Beattie, was on the equation of state of gas mixtures. Dr. Stockrnayer became an Instructor in Chemistry at M.I.T. in 1939. Except for a two-year stint at Columbia University, he taught at M.I.T. until he moved to Dartmouth in 1961. In addition to his position as Albert W. Smith Professor Emeritus, he is also a part-time teacher and researcher and an associate editor of Macromolecules. Dr. Stockrnayer also contributes articles on physics and macromolecular chemistry to scientific journals. Dr. Stockrnayer's honors include election to the Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1946 and membership in the National Academy of Sciences in 1956. He has received the ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry, the Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry, the Theodore William Richards Medal (Northeastern Section, ACS), the APS High Polymer Physics Prize, and the National Medal of Science (1987). Dr. Stockrnayer is an honorary fellow of Jesus College, Oxford, and has honorary degrees from Strasbourg and from Dartmouth College.

  His Work: Dr. Stockmayer has worked on a variety of theoretical problems in the dynamics and statistical mechanics of macromolecules, including light scattering, chain transformations, and chain dynamics. He has also supervised useful experimental work in these areas, making extensive use of dielectric relaxation techniques.

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1988-1989).

  Recording of lecture not available.

• 

  Genes Mediating a Complex Behavior in a Simple Organism

  Richard Axel

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).

  Dr. Axel is professor in the Department of Pathology and Biochemistry at Columbia University. Born in Brooklyn, ew York, Dr. Axel received the A.B. degree from Columbia University and the M.D. degree from Johns Hopkin School of Medicine. He interned in pathology at the Columbia allege of Physician and Surgeons in 1970-71. He held positions a a fellow in pathology and oncology at the Institute for Cancer Research; as a visiting fellow in the Department of Pathology of Columbia University. Until recently he was acting director of the Institute of Cancer Research, in addition to his professorial position. Dr. Axel ha received the Young Scientist Award of the Passano Foundation, the Alan T. Waterman Award, and the Eli Lilly Award. Since 1976 he has been associate editor of Cell magazine. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Art and Sciences, and is a contributor to se era! professional journals.

  His Work: Dr. Axel's work ha focused on the control of gene expression in normal and transformed cells. Dr. Axel has developed procedures which permit the introduction of any gene into animal cells. This work ha permitted the analysis of gene function by "surrogate" genetics and provides a rationale for gene theory. More recently he has identified gene which mediate complex behaviors in simple organisms.

  His Lecture April 25, 1987:" Genes Mediating a Complex Behavior in a Simple Organism".

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  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1987-1988

  Bard College

  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1987-1988, published by the Bard Center