Bard Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series (All)

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  Our Changing View of the Universe

  Arno A. Penzias

  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Brochure 1983-1984, published by the Bard Center

  Dr. Penzias, a Nobel laureate, is Vice President of Bell Laboratories Research. Born in Munich, Germany, Dr. Penzias earned his doctorate degree in 1962 at Columbia University. Dr. Penzias is best known for his part in the discovery of evidence supporting the "big-bang" theory of the origin of the universe, work for which he shared the 1978 obel Prize in Physics. Dr. Penzias joined Bell Laboratories in 1961 as a Member of the Technical Staff. Over the years, he has held a number of managerial positions in Bell Laboratories Research and was named ice President in 1981. Dr. Penzias maintains close ties with the academic community, having been a member of Princeton University's Astrophysical Sciences Department since 1967, where he regularly acts as thesis adviser to graduate students. He is also an Adjunct Professor of Earth and Space Science at the State University of ew York at Stony Brook, as well as a member of the Board of Overseers of the School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, as well as a number of other scientific and professional organizations. He also serves a Chairman of the Editorial Committee of the Bell System Technical Journal and as Vice Chairman of the Committee of Concerned Scientists, a national organization devoted to working for the political freedom of scientists in various countries. Dr. Penzias has received a number of honorary degrees and is the only American to hold an honorary doctorate from the Paris Observatory.

  His Work: Dr. Penzias took part in the pioneering Echo and Telstar communications satellite experiments early in his career at Bell Laboratories. His present responsibility covers a wide range of programs in the physical, material, communications and information sciences there. Dr. Penzias also maintains an active program of personal research. His recent work includes the study of chemical molecules in outer space, with particular emphasis on how the elements in these molecules are formed, as well as studies of the structure of our galaxy, the Milky Way.

  His Lecture: February 28, 1984: "Our Changing View of the Universe"

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  Molecular Recognition in Proteins

  Harold A. Scheraga

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1984-1985).

  Dr. Scheraga is Todd Professor of Chemistry at Cornell University, where he has taught since 1947. Born in Brooklyn, New York, Dr. Scheraga earned his Ph.D. in 1946 from Duke University. After completing his studies, Dr. Scheraga was a postdoctoral fellow of the American Chemical Society at Harvard Medical School. Subsequent research fellowships included a Guggenheim Fellowship to work at the Carlsberg Laboratory in Denmark and a Fulbright Research Scholarship for work at Weizmann Institute in Israel. He has received many awards, including the American Chemical Society's Eli Lilly Award in Biochemistry, the Fogarty Fellowship from the National Institutes of Health, and an honorary Sc. D. from Duke University. Dr. Scheraga serves on a number of editorial and advisory boards for professional journals in biochemistry and physics, as well as acting as coeditor for the ongoing Molecular Biology Series from Academic Press. He is the author of the books Protein Structure, Theory of Helix Coil Transitions in Biopolymers, and over six hundred articles. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as several professional organizations, Dr. Scheraga has lectured in many countries and served as visiting professor at the Weizmann Institute and at Kyoto University in Japan.

  His Work: Dr. Scheraga's research has focused on the physical chemistry of proteins and other macromolecules; on the chemistry of blood clotting; and on the structure of water and dilute aqueous solutions.

  His Lecture: November 3, 1984: "Molecular Recognition in Proteins"

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  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1983-1984

  Bard College

  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Brochure 1983-1984, published by the Bard Center

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  Single Collision Chemistry

  Dudley R. Herschbach

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1982-1983).

  Dr. Herschbach, Frank B. Baird, Jr. Professor of Science at Harvard University, was born in San Jose, California. He attended Stanford University and received a B.S. degree in mathematics in 1954 and an M.S. degree in chemistry in 1955. He continued graduate study at Harvard and received an A. M. in physics in 1956 and a Ph.D. degree in chemical physics in 1958.

  Dr. Herschbach taught chemistry at the University of California at Berkeley from 1959 to 1963. He joined Harvard in 1963 and has been Baird Professor of Science since 1976. Dr. Herschbach was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Science in 1964 and a member of the National Academy of Science in 1967. He was awarded the Pure Chemistry Prize of the American Chemical Society in 1965, the Spiers Medal of the Faraday Society in 1976, the Centenary Medal of the British Chemical Society in 1977, the Linus Pauling Medal in 1978, and the Michael Polanyi Medal in 1981. Dr. Herschbach, who has held numerous lectureships, was a visiting Professor at Gottingen University in 1963, a Guggenheim Fellow at Freiburg University in 1968, a visiting Fellow of the Joint Institute of Laboratory Astrophysics in Boulder, Colorado in 1969, and a Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Scholar at the California Institute of Technology in 1976. He is Associate Editor of the Journal of Physical Chemistry, a Consulting Editor for W. H. Freeman, and has served on several editorial boards. His Work The major theme of Dr. Herschbach's research has been the molecular dynamics of chemical reactions. He has developed molecular beam and spectrascopic techniques which allow the observation of reaction products immediately after the single collision events in which the new molecule are formed. He has applied quantum theory and statistical methods to a variety of problems in molecular structure and reaction rate theory. He has also pioneered the modem study of "van der Waals" complexes and oligomers in the gas phase.

  His Lecture April 9, 1983: Single Collision Chemistry.

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  Spectroscopic Studies of Simple Free Radcals

  Gerhard Herzberg

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1983-1984).

  Dr. Herzberg, a Nobel laureate, is Distinguished Research Scientist of the National Research Council of Canada. Born in Hamburg, Germany, he received his early training there and subsequently studied physics at the Darmstadt Institute of Technology where he earned his doctorate in 1928. From 1928 to 1930 he carried out post-doctorate work at the Universities of Gottingen and Bristol. In 1971, Dr. Herzberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on the structure of molecules. Or. Herzberg was Research Professor of Physics at the University of Saskatchewan from 1935 to 1945. For the next three years he served as Professor of Spectroscopy at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago. He returned to Canada in 1948 and in the following year was appointed Director of the Division of Physics at the National Research Council and later Director of the Division of Pure Physics, a position he held until his appointment as Distinguished Research Scientist in 1969. A Fellow of the Royal Society of anada and of the Royal Society of London, Or. Herzberg was Bakerian lecturer of the Royal Society of London in 1960. He received a Royal Medal from that society in 1971. He is an honorary member or fellow of many scientific societies and holds honorary degrees from a number of universities in Canada and abroad. Dr. Herzberg is author of several books on molecular and atomic spectroscopy.

  His Work: Dr. Herzberg has made many contributions to atomic and molecular spectroscopy; in particular h and his associates have determined the structures in a large number of diatomic and polyatomic molecules, including the structures of many free radicals difficult to determine in any other way. He has also applied these spectroscopic studies to the identification of certain molecule in planetary atmospheres, in comets, and in interstellar space.

  His Lecture: November 5, 1983: "Spectroscopic Studies of Simple Free Radicals"

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  What Chemists Really Do- The Logical Structure of Modern Chemistry

  Roald Hoffmann

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1982-1983).

  Dr. Hoffmann, Nobel laureate and John A. Newman Professor of Physical Science at Cornell University, was born in Zloczow, Poland. He earned M.A. and Ph.D. degrees at Harvard University in 1960and 1962, respectively. In 1981, Dr. Hoffmann shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Kenichi Fukui. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Dr. Hoffmann received the 1969 American Chemical Society's Award in Pure Chemistry. He is the only person ever to have received that society's award in two different subfields of chemistry-the A.C. Cope Award in Organic Chemistry in 1973 and the Award in Inorganic Chemistry in 1982. He has been honored with the 1969 Fresenius Award of Phi Lambda Upsilon, the 1969 Harrison Howe Award of the Rochester Section of the American Chemical Society, the 1970 Award of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Sciences, the 1974 Pauling Award of the Puget Sound and Oregon Sections, and the 1981 Nichols Medal of the New York Section of the American Chemical Society. Dr. Hoffmann also received a Sloan Foundation Research Fellowship (1966-68), and a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1978. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.

  His Work: Dr. Hoffmann's research interests lie in the electronic structure of stable and unstable molecules, and of transition state in reactions. His first contribution was the development of the extended Huckel method, a molecular orbital scheme which allowed the facile calculation of the approximate a and 7T electronic structure of molecules, and which gave simple descriptions of molecular conformations and simple potential surfaces. His second major contribution has been a systematic exploration of the electronic structure of transition rates and intermediates in organic reactions, including the development of general correlation "rules" for predicting the outcomes of these processes.

  His Lecture April 16, 1983: What Chemists Really Do-The Logical Structure of Modem Chemistry.

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  How Do Enzymes Work?

  William N. Liscomb Jr.

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1982-1983).

  Dr. Lipscomb, Nobel laureate and Abbott and James Lawrence Professor at Harvard University, was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He received a B.S. degree from the University of Kentucky in 1941 and a Ph.D. degree from California Institute of Technology in 1946. In 1976, Or. Lipscomb won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his original research on the structure and bonding of boron hydride and their derivative . Dr. Lipscomb received this honor in recognition of theoretical and experimental work over a pan of more than 25 year . Dr. Lipscomb taught at the University of Minnesota from 1946 to 1959 where he headed the Physical Chemistry Division for seven years . He joined Harvard in 1959, and served a Chairman of the Chemistry Department from 1962 to 1965. He ha been Abbott and James Lawrence Professor there since 1971.

  A Fellow of the American Academy of Art and Science and of the American Physical Society, Dr. Lipscomb was a Guggenheim Fellow in England at Oxford University from 1954 to 1955 and at Cambridge University from 1972 to 1973. His many honors include the American Chemical Society Award for Distinguished Service in the Advancement of lnorganic Chemistry in 1968 , the George Ledlie Prize from Harvard in 1971, the Peter Debye Award in Physical Chemistry of the American Chemical Society in 1973, the Distinguished Alumni Award of the California Institute of Technology in 1977, and the Alexander von Humboldt- Stiftung Senior Scientist Award in 1979.

  His Work: Dr. Lipscomb has long been the dominant figure in the field of boron chemistry. Hi research interest concern the interplay between structure and function; in particular, the relationship of three dimensional structures and mechanisms of enzyme and other protein , and the role of geometric and electronic structures in theoretical inorganic and organic chemistry.

  His Lecture: March 19, 1983: How Do Enzymes Work?

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  The Impact of Science on Medicine and Health

  Frederick C. Robbins

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1983-1984).

  Dr. Robbins, a Nobel laureate, is President of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences and Dean Emeritus of the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. Born in Auburn, Alabama, Dr. Robbins received the M.D. degree from Harvard University School of Medicine in 1940. Dr. Robbins received the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1954, jointly with Dr. John F. Enders and Dr. Thomas H. Weller, for their work in the cultivation of poliomyelitis virus in tissue culture and the application of this technique. Dr. Robbins served as Dean of the Case Western Reserve University from 1966 to 1980. He was Professsor of Pediatrics and Community Health at the University and was appointed University Professor and Dean Emeritus in 1980. In 1981 he was named Diisbnguished Professor in the Department of Pediatrics at Georgetown University. Dr. Robbins served as Director of the Department of Pediatrics and Contagious Diseases at Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital from 1952 to 1966 and before that, worked in the research divisions ' for infectious diseases at Harvard Medical School and at Children's Hospital in Boston. Dr. Robbins received the first Mead Johnson Award, with Dr. Weller, in 1953. He also received with Dr. Enders and Dr. Weller, the Kimble ' Methodology Research Award in 1954. He was honored with the Modern Medicine Award for Distinguished Achievement in 1963 and the Medical Mutual Honor Award in 1969. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Pediatric Society, and the at1onal Academy of Sciences, among numerous others.

  His Work: Dr. Robbins is well known for his Nobel Prizewinning work with Dr. Enders and Or. Weller. Their discovery of the ability of the polio virus to grow in cultures of different tissues, was an accomplishment which served as a steppingstone for Dr. Jonas E. Salk who developed the actual polio vaccine. Dr. Robbins has made many contributions through pediatric research and through the study of viral diseases.

  His Lecture: December 3, 1983: "The Impact of Science on Medicine and Health"

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  Albert Einstein and Contemporary Physics

  Chen Ning Yang

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1983-1984).

  Dr. Yang, a Nobel laureate, is Albert Einstein Professor of Physics and the Director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the State University of ew York at Stony Brook. Born in Hofei, Anwhei, China, Dr. Yang earned the Ph.D. degree in 1948 at the University of Chicago. In 1957, at the age of 35, he was named corecipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics with Dr. Tsun -Dao Lee. Before joining SU Y-Stony Brook, Dr. Yang was Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, ew Jersey, from 1955 to 1966. He joined the Institute in 1949. He has been a Gibbs lecturer of the American Mathematical Society, Loeb lecturer at Harvard University, Vanuxem lecturer at Princeton University, Lincoln lecturer of the Board of Foreign Scholars (Fulbright Board) of the State Department, Pauli lecturer at the ETH, Zurich, Courant lecturer at New York University, Fermi lecturer at Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, and J.R. Oppenheimer Memorial lecturer, Los Alamos. He is Honorary Professor of Fudan University, Shanghai. In addition to the Nobel Prize, his honors include the 1980 Rumford Prize and the 1957 Albert Einstein Commemorative Award. Dr. Yang is a member of numerous academies and societies including the National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society, Sigma Xi, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, and the Royal Spanish Academy of Sciences. He is also a member of the Governing Council of the Courant Institute of Mathematical Science.

  His Work: Dr. Yang and Dr. Lee shared the Nobel Prize in 1957 for their discoveries that challenged the principle of "Conservation of Parity," on which much of modern physics had been based. The principle says that objects which are mirror images of each other must obey the same physical rules. They theorized that in key cases parity need not be observed and a series of subsequent experiments proved them right.

  His Lecture: October 15, 1983: "Albert Einstein and Contemporary Physics"

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  Seeing the World Through Spin Glasses

  Philip W. Anderson

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1982-1983).

  Dr. Anderson, Nobel laureate, Joseph Henry Professor at Princeton University, and Director of Physics Principle Research at Bell Laboratories, was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. He attended Harvard University where he received a B.S. degree in 1943, an M.A. degree in 1947, and a Ph.D. degree in 1949. In 1977, Dr. Anderson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Sir Nevill Mott of the University of Cambridge and John H. Van Vleck of Harvard University, for their fundamental theoretical investigation of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems .

  Dr. Anderson joined Bell Lab 'technical raff in 1949. He ha taught at Princeton since 1976.

  Dr. Anderson was a Fulbright Lecturer at Tokyo University from 1953 to 1954. During the academic year 1961-62, he lectured at the Cavendish Laboratory, and was an Overseas Fellow at Churchill College, Cambridge, England. He was Loeb Lecturer at Harvard in 1964, and was Professor of Theoretical Physics at Cambridge University from 1967 to 1975.

  He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, a member of the National Academy of Science, and a foreign member of the Royal Society. He was selected a Fellow of the American Academy of Art and Sciences in 1963. He received the Oliver E. Buckley Prize of the American Physical Society in 1964, the Dannie Heinemann Prize of the Academy of Sciences at Gottingen in 1975, the Guthrie Medal and Prize in 1978 , and the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1978.

  His Work: Dr. Anderson has worked in many area of theoretical physics , concentrating mainly on studies of condensed matter. Hi major contributions have been concerned with ferroelectricity, ferr0 - and antiferromagnetism, magnetic resonance, spectral line shape , superconductivity, and disordered and amorphous material . He ha al contributed to our theoretical understanding of neutron stars, as well as to concept in elementary particle physics .

  His Lecture: December 4, 1982: Seeing the World Through Spin Glasses.

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  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1982-1983

  Bard College

  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Brochure 1982-1983, published by the Bard Center

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  Gene Isolation and Manipulation: A New Window on Our Heredity

  Paul Berg

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1981-1982).

  Dr. Berg, Nobel laureate and Willson Professor of biochemistry at Stanford University Medical Center. was born in New York City. He is a 1948 alumnus of Pennsylvania State University and earned his Ph.D. degree in biochemistry from Western Reserve University in 1952. During the next two years he was a postdoctoral research fellow at the Institute of Cytophysiology in Copenhagen and at Washington University in St. Louis. He remained at Washington University as a scholar in cancer research and then as a faculty member until 1959, when he joined Stanford. He is a former chairman of the deportment of biochemistry at Stanford's School of Medicine. and is currently a nonresident fellow of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies. In 1980 he received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for his studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids. particularly, recombinant DNA. He also received the 1980 Gairdner Foundation and the New York Academy of Sciences Awards in recognition of his outstanding studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, and the 1980 Albert Lasker Medical Award for his contributions to basic medical sciences.

  His Work: At present. Dr. Berg's research is on the mechanism of gene expression in higher organisms. particularly the interplay of viral and cellular genes in regulating growth and division. Specifically, he has developed new enzymatic and physical approaches to analyzing the structure of simple viral chromosomes and thereby made possible a molecular approach to their genetics. In addition, he and his colleagues have been active in the development of recombinant DNA techniques to introduce new genetic information into mammalian cells with virus DNA vectors. These experiments are designed to explore the chemistry and biology of mammalian and human chromosomes and hopefully to provide the basic knowledge for the prevention, management and cure of hereditary diseases

  His Lecture: "Gene Isolation and Manipulation: A New Window on Our Heredity"

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  On the Evolution of Small Molecules

  Konrad E. Bloch

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1982-1983).

  Dr. Bloch, Nobel laureate and Higgin Professor of Biochemistry at Harvard University, was born in Neisse, Germany. He attended the Technische Hochschule in Munich and received a Ph.D. degree from Columbia University in 1938. Dr. Bloch shared the 1964 Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology with Fedor Lynen, for their contributions to our knowledge of the complex pattern of reaction involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol and of fatty acids.

  Dr. Bloch taught at Columbia University from 1939 to 1946, and at the University of Chicago from 1946 to 1954. He has been the Higgin Professor of Biochemistry at Harvard since 1954. He was Chairman of the Chemistry Department there from 1968 to 1971, and in 1979 became Professor of Science at the School of Public Health. Dr. Bloch was a Guggenheim Fellow at Technische Hochschule in Zurich in 1953, in London in 1961, and at Harvard from 1975 to 1976. He was a Senior Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1968. In addition to the Nobel Prize, his many honors include the Medal of the Societe de Chimie Biologique in 1958, the Fritzsche Award of the American Chemical Society in 1964, the Distinguished Service Award of the University of Chicago School of Medicine in 1964, the Cardano Medal of the Lombardy Academy of Sciences in 1965, and Ohio State's William Lloyd Evans Award in 1968. Dr. Bloch is a member of numerous academies and societies including the National Academy of Science , the American Chemical Society, and the American Society of Biological Chemist .

  His Work: Dr. Bloch is best known for his work on the biogenesis of cholesterol, but he has made outstanding contributions to other field of biochemistry as well. His work on the biosynthes is of glutathione and on the metabolism of fatty acids has proved especially significant. His research interests also include the biological formation of fat-ty acids and unsaturated fatty acid .

  His Lecture November 6, 1982: On the Evolution of Small Molecules

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  From Einstein to Anti-Matter

  Paul Dirac

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1981-1982).

  RECORDING UNAVAILABLE

  Dr. Dirac, a Nobel laureate, is professor emeritus and a fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, England. where he was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics from 1932 to 1969. He has been professor of physics at Florida State University since 1977. Born in Bristol, he was educated at the University of Bristol and St. John's College. His pioneer work in the quantum mechanics of the atom won him the Nobel prize in physics, along with Erwin Schrodinger, in 1933 at the age of 31. He was also awarded the royal medal of the Royal Society in 1939. Professor Dirac received the Copley Medal of the Royal Society in 1952 for his contributions to quantum theory, Including his formulation with Enrico Fermi of the Fermi-Dirac statistics and his work on the quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation. He has been honored with the Queen of England's Order of Merit and is a member of the Papal Academy. His major work is The Principles of Quantum Mechanics, a classic in its field.

  His Work: One of the great mathematical physicists of the 20th century, Professor Dirac is one of a select few. including Albert Einstein, Erwin Schrodinger, Enrico Fermi and others, whose theories have transformed our understanding of the physical universe. In 1928, Professor Dirac published a version of quantum mechanics that supplemented Einstein's theory of relativity and predicted the presence of anti-matter in the universe. Dirac's equation for the motion of a particle is a relativistic modification of the Schrodinger wave equation. the basic equation of quantum mechanics. For their work, Dirac and Schrodinger shared the 1933 Nobel prize in physics.

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  Spatial Configurations of Macromolecules

  Paul J. Flory

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1981-1982).

  Dr. Flory, Nobel laureate and J.G. Jackson - C.J. Wood Professor of chemistry at Stanford University, was born in Sterling, Illinois. He received his B.Sc. degree from Manchester College in Indiana in 7931 and his Ph.D. degree in physical chemistry from Ohio State University in 7934. His long and distinguished scientific career i1tcludes experience in industry, research and the academic community. A leader in the field of polymer behavior, he was the sole recipient of the 7974 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Before joining Stanford in 7967,D r. Flory served as executive director of research at the Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh, was on the faculty of Cornell University and the University of Cincinnati, and did research at DuPont, Standard Oil and Goodyear. His many awards, in addition to the Nobel Prize, include the American Physical Society's High Polymer Physics Prize in 1962, the American Chemical Society's Priestley Medal in 1974, and the National Medal of Science in 7974 . His book, Principles f Polymer Chemistry is a classic in its field, and another book, Statistical Mechanics of Chain Molecules, has been translated into Russian and Japanese.

  His Work: Dr. Flory has been a leader in research on the chemistry and physics of giant molecules, or polymers, which make up such materials as natural and synthetic rubber, fibers, and plastics. He first entered this field as a member of the research team under Dr. Wallace H. Carothers of DuPont, whose original investigations led to the discovery of nylon. Dr. Flory's investigations have turned increasingly toward polymers that resemble proteins and other biological materials. He and his collaborators have demonstrated a close resemblance between elasticity of the fibrous proteins in ligaments, blood vessels, tendons, and muscles on the one hand, and of various rubber-like natural and synthetic polymers on the other.

  His Lecture:"Spatial Configurations of Macromolecules"

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  Is Vacuum a Physical Medium?

  Tsung-Dao Lee

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1981-1982).

  Dr. Lee, Nobel laureate and Enrico Fermi Professor of physics at Columbia University, was born in China. He received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Chicago in 1950. Among the youngest men ever to receive a Nobel award, Dr. Lee, at the age of 30, was named co-recipient of the 1957 Nobel Prize in physics with Dr. C.N. Yang. Before joining Columbia in 1953, he served on the faculty of the University of Chicago and the University of California at Berkeley, and was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Dr. Lee received the Albert Einstein Award in Science in 1957, was the Loeb Lecturer at Harvard that year and again in 1964, and held a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1966.

  His Work: Dr. Lee, along with Dr. Yang, shared the Nobel Prize in 1957 for their discoveries that challenged the principle of "Conservation of Parity," on which much of modern physics had been based. The principle says that objects which are mirror images of each other must obey the same physical rules. They theorized that in key cases parity need not be observed and a series of subsequent experiments proved them right.

  His Lecture: "Is Vacuum a Physical Medium?"

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  Einstein, the Science and the Life

  Abraham Pais

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1981-1982).

  Dr. Pais. Detlev W. Bronk Professor of The Rockefeller University, was born in Amsterdam. Holland. He received his B.S. degree from the University of Amsterdam in 1938 and his Ph.D. degree from the University of Utrecht in 1942. In 1945, he went to the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen. Denmark. as a research fellow with Niels Bohr. Dr. Pais came to the United States in 1946 to the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. New Jersey. He became a professor there in 1950. He joined The Rockefeller University in 1963 and was named Detlev W. Bronk Professor in 1981. He was the James Arthur Balfour Professor at the Weizmann Institute in Israel and has also served as visiting professor at CERN, the European atomic energy center. In 1979. he received the 11th Annual J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize. awarded by the Center for Theoretical Studies of the University of Miami. Among his publications is the book. Subtle is the Lord ... the Science and the Life of Albert Einstein.

  His Work: Dr. Pais is an eminent theoretical physicist and a founding father of the field of porticle physics. He and his colleagues have investigated fundamental porticle processes at high energies, symmetries of strong and weak interactions. and quantum field theory. He has played a leading role in several developments which aim to provide an explanation for the behavior of the interactions in particle physics. For example, he stated the principle of associated production which was found to govern the behavior of "strange" particles. A number of his contributions deal with the symmetry principles of physics. such as the SU( 6) theory developed around 1965. He is a co-discoverer of the idea of "particle-mixing," which is necessary for the understanding of the so-called neutral K-particle complex.

  His Lecture: "Einstein, the Science and the Life"

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  From Chemical Lasers to the Atmosphere of Mars

  George C. Pimentel

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1981-1982).

  Dr. Pimentel, director of the Laboratory of Chemical Biodynamics and professor at the University of California at Berkeley, was born in Rolinda, California. He received his BA degree from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1943 and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1949 from the University of California at Berkeley. Dr. Pimentel served as Deputy Director of the National Science Foundation from 1977 to 1980. He has been a member of the chemistry faculty at Berkeley since 1949. A Guggenheim Fellow in 1955, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1966 and two years later was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He received the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Scientist Award in 1974 and was recipient of the E.K. Plyler Prize in Molecular Spectroscopy in 1979. In 1980 he received the Ellis R. Lippincott Medal and the Distinguished Service Gold Medal from the National Science Foundation.

  His Work: Dr. Pimentel's research has been in the fields of infrared spectroscopy, chemical lasers, molecular structure, free radicals, and hydrogen bonding. His interests have centered on the application of spectroscopic methods to the study of unusual chemical bonding. A major contribution was the development and exploitation of the matrix isolation method for the spectroscopic detection of highly unstable molecules. Application of this matrix isolation method led to the discovery of many unusual and highly reactive molecules that could not otherwise have been detected. His pioneering development of rapid scan techniques for infrared spectroscopy led to the design of a unique infrared spectrometer for the 1969 Mariner interplanetary spacecraft to determine the composition of the atmosphere of Mars.

  His Lecture: "From Chemical Lasers to the Atmosphere of Mars"

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  Probing Into Time

  Ilya Prigogine

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1982-1983).

  Dr. Prigogine, Nobel laureate, Professor at the Free University in Brussels, and Director of the Center for statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics at the University of Texas, was born in Moscow. He received a Ph.D. degree from the Free University in Brussels in 1942.

  In 1977, Dr. Prigogine won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his contribution to nonequilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures,

  He has been Professor at the Free University in Brussels since 1947, and Director of the International Institute of Physics and Chemistry in Solvay, Belgium since 1962.

  He has received numerous honors including the Prix Francqui in 1955, Prix Solvay in 1965, the Medal of the French Association for the Advancement of Science in 1975, the Rumford Gold Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1976, and the Descartes Medal of the University of Paris in 1979.

  Dr. Prigogine i a member of many societies and academies including the Royal Academy of Belgium, American Academy of Science, and the Royal Society of Sciences of Uppsala, Sweden.

  His Work: Dr. Prigogine ha devoted a major part of his life's researches to developing formalisms for describing the nature of nonequilibrium (time-dependent) thermodynamic , with most recent emphasis on the spatial and temporal organization of biological systerns. But his work ha not been limited to the macroscopic aspect of matter and energy. He has, at the same time, devised a statistical mechanical kinetic theory of matter, which di plays the microscopic meaning of irreversible processes. He has also been active in the field of chemical solution , including polymers and isotopic mixture .

  His Lecture: November 13, 1982: Probing Into Time

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  Search for the Fundamental Structure of the Universe

  Samuel C.C. Ting

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1982-1983).

  Dr. Ting, Nobel laureate and Thomas Dudley Cabot Institute Professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He attended the University of Michigan where he received a B . S. E. degree in 1959, an M .S. degree in 1960, and a Ph.D. degree in 1962.

  In 1976, Dr. Ting was named co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics with Dr. Burton Richter. Before joining MIT in 1967, Dr. Ting was a Ford Fellow at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Geneva, Switzerland in 1963. He taught at Columbia University from 1964 to 1967, and served as group leader at Deutsche Electronen Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg, Germany in 1966. In 1970, Dr. Ting served in the Division of Particle and Fields of the American Physical Society, and was Associate Editor of Nuclear Physics B.

  He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Art and Sciences in 1975, and became an Academia Sinica Fellow in 1976. Dr. Ting was honored with the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award in 1976, and with the Eringen Medal of the Society of Engineering Science in 1977. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences.

  His Work: Dr. Ting and Dr. Richter, working in separate groups , electrified the world of high energy physics in November of 1974 with the discovery of a new particle with remarkable properties. Dr. Ting, in collaboration with teams from MIT and Brookhaven National Laboratory, was studying production of an electron in conjunction with its antiparticle -the positron-in protron-nucleon collisions at Brookhaven. His group found a remarkable yield of electron-positron pairs of rest energy 3. 1 Gev ("gigaelectron" or one billion electron volts), indicating the production of a new particle, which they named J. Dr. Richter's collaboration, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center-Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, meanwhile, was studying at the same time the reverse process, discovering the same new particle which they named 4J . The implications of the e experiment continue to stimulate reformulation of our basic undersranding of matter.

  His Lecture: October 16, 1982: Search for the Fundamental Structure of the Universe.

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  Photoaffinity Labeling: Marking the Receptors for Biological Molecules

  Frank H. Westheimer

  RECORDING UNAVAILABLE

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1981-1982).

  Dr. Westheimer. Morris Loeb Professor of chemistry at Harvard University, was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He received his BA degree from Dartmouth in 1932, his M.A. degree from Harvard in 1933, and his Ph.D. degree from Harvard in 1935. In 1935-36. he was a National Research Fellow at Columbia under the sponsorship of Professor L.P. Hammett. The following year he was appointed research associate at the University of Chicago, and later assistant professor. During 1944 and 1945 he was a research supervisor at the Explosive Research Laboratory of the National Defense Research Committee; as a result of this work. he was awarded the ArmyNavy Certificate of Appreciation and the Naval Ordnance Award. In 1946 he returned to Chicago as an associate professor and became full professor in 1948. He returned to Harvard as a visiting professor in 1953, was appointed professor in 1954, and served as chairman of the deportment from 1959-62. Among his numerous honors. he was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1962. and in 1974 was a Fulbright-Hayes Fellow in Yugoslavia. In 1970 he received the James Flack Norris Award in physical organic chemistry and the Willard Gibbs Medal. In 1980 he received the National Academy of Sciences Award in chemical science.

  His Work: Dr. Westheimer's career has included calculations of electrostatic effects and of steric effects in organic chemistry, the determination of the mechanisms of chromic acid oxidation, enzymic and metal-ion promoted decarboxylation, biochemical oxidation-reduction reactions which require diphosphopyridine nucleotide as coenzyme, the mechanisms of the hydrolysis of phosphate esters. and photoaffinity labeling.

  His Lecture: "Photoaffinity Labeling: Marking the Receptors for Biological Molecules

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  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1981-1982

  Bard College

  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1981-1982, published by the Bard Center

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  The Politics of Contraception

  Carl Djerassi

  RECORDING NOT AVAILABLE.

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1980-81).

  Dr. Djerassi was born in Vienna, Austria, received his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin, and began his career as a research chemist for the Ciba Pharmaceutical Company. He has held a variety of positions with the Syntex Corporation - - associate director of chemical research, vice-president of research, and director. He is now president of the Zoecon Corporation, which manufactures and markets pet care and agricultural products. Dr. Djerassi taught at Wayne State University and is currently professor of chemistry at Stanford University. Among his awards and honors are: the American Chemical Society Award in Pure Chemistry, the Baekeland Medal, the Chemical Pioneer A ward of the American Institute of Chemists, and the Perkin Medal, awarded by the Society of Chemical Industry. In 1978, Dr. Djerassi was elected to the National Inventors Hall of Fame.

  Dr. Djerassi is an authority on the reproductive systems of humans, animals, and insects, and has played a major role in the development of the oral contraceptive. He has written extensively about his areas of interest: the chemistry of natural products such as antibiotics, alkaloids, and steroids; the synthesis of medicinals such as antihistamines and steroidal anti-inflammatory agents; and the applications of physical measurements and computer techniques to organic chemical problems. In his lecture, Dr. Djerassi will discuss "The Politics of Contraception."

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  DNA Replication

  Arthur Kornberg

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1980-81).

  Dr. Kornberg was born in New York City, and received his M.D. from the University of Rochester. He spent several years as a medical officer with the National Institutes of Health and then became professor and head of the Department of Microbiology at the Washington University School of Medicine. In 1959, he became chairman of the Department of Biochemistry at the Stanford University School of Medicine, serving for 10 years in that capacity before taking his current position as professor in the department. Dr. Kornberg has received the Paul-Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry, the Max Berg Award for Prolonging Human Life, the Scientific Achievement A ward of the American Medical Association, the National Medal of Science, and the Nobel Prize in medicine.

  Dr. Kornberg's most notable achievements have grown out of his research into the structure and dynamics of DNA- - the substance of which all genes are made, the chemical bearer of hereditary characteristics. Using the model of a DNA molecule developed by Nobel Prize winners Francis Crick and James Watson, Dr. Kornberg was able, in 1957, to produce a chemically more exact, but genetically inert replica of the natural substance. For that work, he was awarded the 1959 Nobel Prize in medicine and physiology, with Dr. Severo Ochoa. In 1967, working with a team of biochemists at Stanford, Dr. Kornberg became the first to synthesize biologically active DNA outside a living cell. The creation of artificial DNA is a major step toward finding techniques to control virus diseases and cancer through the manipulation of DNA and other nucleotides. Dr. Kornberg's current research involves further exploration of DNA replication. His lecture will focus on work being done to discover the nature of the molecular events and the regulatory controls that determine the start of a cycle of DNA replication - - a problem basic to all cellular growth and fundamental to an understanding of cancer.

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  Simple Problems in Physics

  Willis E. Lamb

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1980-81).

  Dr. Lamb was born in Los Angeles and received his Ph.D. at the University of California at Berkeley. He has been a professor of physics at Columbia, Stanford, and Yale, and was Wykeham Professor of Physics and Fellow of New College at Oxford University. He is now professor of physics and optical sciences at the University of Arizona. He has been a visiting lecturer or professor at Harvard, University of Colorado, Kyoto University and the Tate Institute of Fundamental Research in Bombay, India, and was a Fulbright lecturer at the University of Grenoble. He has won the Rumford Premium of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Guthrie A ward from the Physical Society of London, and the Nobel Prize in physics.

  Dr. Lamb was awarded the 1955 Nobel Prize in physics along with Dr. Polykarp Kusch for his discoveries regarding the structure of the hydrogen spectrum. Using very fine microwave spectroscopy, he was able to demonstrate a small but clear deviation from the long-standing predictions of the very successful Dirac theory in quantum mechanics. This so-called "Lamb shift" exerted a critical influence on the development of quantum electrodynamics. Dr. Lamb will speak on "Simple Problems in Physics," examining the complex questions inherent in apparently simple physics problems.