Bard Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series (All)

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  Discovering and Exploring the New Borane Continent

  Herbert C. Brown

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1987-1988).

  A Nobel laureate, Dr. Brown is Wetherill Research Professor Emeritus at Purdue University, where he has taught since 1947. Born in London, England, Dr. Brown received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Chicago, where he did postdoctoral work and taught before joining the faculties of Wayne State University and subsequently Purdue. He has also held several visiting lectureships, including the Harrison Howe, Thomas W. Talley, Edgar Fahs Smith, Baker, and Henry Gilman lectureships, and was the Centenary Lecturer of the Chemical Society (London). Dr. Brown received the Nobel Prize in 1979 for his explorations of the role of boron in organic chemistry, particularly in the creation of organoboranes. In addition to the Nobel Prize honors for his work have included the Nichols Medal, the CS Award for Creative Research, the Linus Pauling Medal, the National Medal of Science, the Roger Adams Medal, the Charles Frederick Chandler Medal, the Priestley Medal, the Perkin Medal, and the A.LC. Gold Medal. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and an honorary fellow of the Chemical Society. Author of books and articles including Hydroboration, Boranes in Organic Chemistry, and The Nonclassical Ion Problem, Dr. Brown has contributed any articles to professional and scholarly journals.

  His Work:. At a time when steric hindrance was considered to be "the last refuge of puzzled organic chemist;' Dr. Brown's studies of molecular addition compounds contributed to the reacceptance of steric effects as a major factor in chemical behavior. His studies on aromatic substitution led to a quantitative theory based on the new Brown + constants. His studies on applications of the borohydrides and diborance to organic synthesis have had revolutionary impact on synthetic organic chemistry. From his work on boron and in organic chemistry, he has undertaken to explore the chemistry of organoboranes, a chemistry that is proving unusually rich.

  His Lecture: October 17, 1987: "Discovering and Exploring the New Borane Continent"

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  The Quest for the Origin of the Elements

  William A. Fowler

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).

  A Nobel laureate, Dr. Fowler is Institute Professor of Physics emeritus at California Institute of Technology. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Dr. Fowler received the Ph.D. degree in physics from the California Institute of Technology with a dissertation on "Radioactive Elements of Low AtomicN umber." He taught at the California Institute of Technology from 1936-1982, and held numerous named lectureships, including a Fulbright lectureship at Cambridge University. Dr. Fowler has been a Guggenheim Fellow and a recipient of the USA Medal for Merit, the NASA Apollo Achievement Award, the National Medal of Science, and the Tom W. Bonner Prize of the America! Physical Society. He has received numerous honorary degrees, most recently from Georgetown University (1986). In 1983 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for "theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe." Dr. Fowler has had a long history of service to the scientific community. He has chaired the Physics Section of NAS, the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee of the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Physical Sciences, AMPS; he has served as president of the American Physical Society and is a founding member of the Planetary Society and the Society for Scientific Exploration.

  His Work Dr. Fowler's research has been in nuclear forces and reaction rates; nuclear spectroscopy; the structure of light nuclei; nuclear astrophysics, thermonuclear sources of stellar energy and element synthesis in stars and supernovae; supernova models; isotopic anomalie in meteorites and the origin of the solar system; nucleocosmochronology; and the study of general relativistic effects in quasar and pulsar models.

  His Lecture March 7, 1987: "The Quest for the Origin of the Elements"

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  Toward a Molecular Understanding of Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis

  Joseph L. Goldstein

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).

  Dr. Goldstein, a Nobel laureate, is Regental Professor, professor of internal medicine, and chairman of the Department of Molecular Genetics for the Health Science Center of the University of Texas. Born in Sumter, South Carolina, he received the B.S. degree from Washington and Lee University and the M. D. degree from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School and did his residency at Massachusetts General Hospital. In addition to his research, he continues to practice at Parkland Memorial Hospital as senior attending physician. Among Dr. Goldstein's many awards are the Pfizer Award for Enzyme Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, the ew York Academy of Sciences Award in Biological and Medical Sciences, the Albert D. Lasker Award in Basic Medical Research, the American College of Physicians Award, and the Lita Annanberg Hazen Award. In 1985, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Michael S. Brown, for their work in genetics, which ha led to a better understanding of lipoprotein accumulation and atherosclerosis. Dr. Goldstein is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American College of Physicians. He currently serves as president of the American Society for Clinical Investigation and is a member of the Medical Advisory Board of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He is also a member of numerous boards of professional journals, including Science, Cell, Journal of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology and Medicine; he is the co-editor of The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. In 1982 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Chicago.

  His Work: Dr. Goldstein's research has been in the areas of human biochemical genetics, the regulation of cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, and membrane receptor .

  His Lecture: February 21, 1987: "Toward a Molecular Understanding of Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis"

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  Concrete Cases Purveying Political Opinions as Science

  Serge Lang

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1987-1988).

  Dr. Lang was born in Paris, France in 1927. He came to the United States in 1940, received the B.S. degree from the California Institute Of Technology in 1946, and the Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1951. From 1953-1955 he was an instructor at the University of Chicago, and from 1955-1970 he was professor of mathematics at Columbia University. He was a visiting professor at Princeton and Harvard and has been a professor of mathematics at Yale University since 1972. He has published more than 60 articles and has written 32 mathematics books. He is a member of The National Academy of Sciences and The American Mathematical Society. He received the Prix Carriere from the Academie des Sciences, Paris and The Cole Prize from the American Mathematical Society.

  His Work: Dr. Lang's research has been primarily in algebraic geometry and number theory.

  His Lecture "Concrete Cases Purveying Political Opinions as Science"

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  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987

  Bard College

  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Brochure 1986-1987, published by the Bard Center

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  On Gravitational Collapse, Black Holes, and Colliding Waves"

  Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).

  A Nobel laureate, Dr. Chandrasekhar was born in Lahore, India, and is currently Distinguished Service Professor at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago. After receiving the B.A. from the University of Madras, Dr. Chandrasekhar attended Cambridge University, where he earned the Ph.D. degree in theoretical physics and the Sc.D. degree in astrophysics. He taught at Trinity College, Cambridge, until 1945, when he was appointed to the Yerkes Observatory. It has been said that Dr. Chandrasekhar's research has "made black holes possible." In 1983, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his important theoretical studies of the physical processes in the structure and evolution of stars. Among his other awards, Dr. Chandrasekhar has received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, the National Medal of Science, and the Heinemann Prize of the American Physical Society. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Dr. Chandrasekhar has contributed to a number of scientific journals and was editor of Astrophysics from 1952 to 1971.

  His Work: Dr. Chandrasekhar has done research into the internal constitution of stars, white dwarfs, dynamics of stellar systems, theory of stellar atmospheres, radiative transfer, hydrodynamics and hydromagnetics, and general relativity.

  His Lecture: October 25, 1986: "On Gravitational Collapse, Black Holes, and Colliding Waves"

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  The New Embryology: Molecules Regulating Animal Forms

  Gerald Maurice Edelman

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1985-1986).

  A Nobel laureate, Dr. Edelman is Vincent Astor Distinguished Professor at the Hospital of Rockefeller University. He received the Ph.D from the Rockefeller Institute, where he was a practicing physician from 1957 to 1960 and has held a teaching position thenceforward. Dr. Edelman is currently chairman of the advisory board of the Basel Institute of Immunology as well as serving on boards for the Weizmann Institute of Science, the Salk Institute of Biological Studies the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, and the Jackson' Lab. In 1972 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for research into the chemical structure of antibodies. He has also received numerous honorary degrees as well as the Regents Medal of Excellence from New York State, the Buchman Memorial Award from the California Institute of Technology, the Eli Lilly Award, and the Albert Einstein Memorial Award, among others.

  His Work: Dr. Edelman's present research activities have centered on studies of cell-cell interactions during embryonic development and of cell adhesion molecules and their role in embryonic induction; studies of the molecular genetics of connectional defects in the nervous system; analysis of the control of cell division cycles and of D A replication in eukaryotic cells; development of cell fractionation procedures; analysis of the three-drmens10nal structure and sequence of proteins central to the immune response; and theoretical work on the organization of higher brain functions and on the construction of non-von Neumann machines and recognition automata.

  His Lecture: March 8, 1986: "The New Embryology: Molecules Regulating Animal Forms"

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  The Visual Pathways and Perception: Evidence for Distinct Subsystem in Vision

  David Hunter Hubel

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).

  Dr. Hubel, a Nobel laureate, is John Franklin Ender University Professor in the Department of Neurobiology at Harvard University. He is also a senior fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows and an associate of Leverett House, Harvard. Born in Windsor, Ontario, Dr. Hubel received the B.Sc. and the M.D. from McGill University and Medical School. He completed his residency at Montreal Neurological Institute, where he was a fellow in electroencephalography. Recognition for his work has included Harvard's Ledlie Prize, the Horwitz Prize of Columbia University, the Friedenwald Award, honorary degrees from Harvard, McGill, and the University of Manitoba. He has given named lectureships at the University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, Princeton University, Harvard University, the Weizmann Institute of Science, and others. In 1981 he received the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology with Torsten Weisel for "information processing in the visual system." Dr. Hubel is a member of the Royal Society (London), the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the American Physiological Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Science , among others.

  His Work: Dr. Hubel's research has focused on the neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of the visual systems of higher mammals.

  His Lecture: October 11, 1986: "The Visual Pathways and Perception: Evidence for Distinct Subsystems in Vision"

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  The Immune System: A Model for Studying Differentiation

  Marian Koshland

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).

  Dr. Koshland is professor of bacteriology and immunology at the University of California at Berkeley. Born in New Haven, Connecticut, she received the B.A. degree from Vassar College and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Chicago. Dr. Koshland began her professional career by working at the Office of Scientific Research and Development in Chicago and, during World War II, on the Atomic Bomb Project, Manhattan District, in Tennessee. She has also done research at Brookhaven National Laboratory, where she was bacteriologist until 1965. In addition to her position at the University of California, Dr. Koshland has recently been a fellow in bacteriology and immunology at Harvard University and a member of the executive committee of the National Science Board, National Science Foundation. In 1975 she served on the President's Biomedical Research Panel in immunology and microbiology. She is currently a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Microbiologists, and the American Association of Immunologists (where she served as president in 1982-83), among others.

  Her Work: Dr. Koshland's research has focused on the mechanism of antibody synthesis, including the roles of J chain and IgM in the differentiation of antibody-forming cells; and on the genetic control of J and heavy chain synthesis.

  Her Lecture: December 13, 1986: "The Immune System: A Model for Studying Differentiation"

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  Some Simple Dynamical Systems

  John Willard Milnor

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).

  Dr. Milnor holds the Veblen Chair at the Institute for Advanced Study, of which he has been a member since 1963. Born in Orange, ew Jersey, Dr. Milnor received the A.B. and the Ph.D. degrees from Princeton University, where he taught-as Higgins Lecturer, Henry Putnam University Professor, and chairman of the department-until 1966. He has been Alfred P. Sloan Fellow and visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, visiting professor at the University of California, Los Angeles; and professor of mathematics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Honors for his work have included the Field Medal awarded by the International Mathematical Union in 1962, the National Medal of Science awarded in 1966, the Steele Prize awarded by the American Mathematical Society in 1982, and honorary degrees from Syracuse University and the University of Chicago, among other . Dr. Milnor is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Mathematical Society, and the American Philosophical Society. He has been associated with the Institute for Advanced Study since 1963, when he became a long-term member. He has published in the Journal of Differential Geometry;, American Mathematical Monthly, and the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, among other periodicals.

  His Wor: Dr. Milnor's research has concentrated on differential topology, especially the topology of manifolds; differential geometry; and dynamical systems.

  His Lecture: November 15, 1986: "Some Simple Dynamical Systems"

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  Fusion: Our Energy Future

  Marshall Nicolas Rosenbluth

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1985-1986).

  Dr. Rosenbluth is director of the Institute for Fusion Studies at the University of Texas at Austin, where he has taught since 1980. Born in Albany, New York, he received the Ph.D. in physics in 1949 from the University of Chicago and became instructor of physics at Stanford. Prior to his association with the University of Texas, he was research advisor at the General Atomic Lab and professor at the University of California, San Diego, as well as visiting lecturer at Princeton University. Honors accorded to Dr. Rosenbluth have included the E.O. Lawrence Prize, the Albert Einstein Award, and the James Clerk Maxwell Prize in Plasma Physics awarded by the American Physical Society. He has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1969, and has served in a number of professional capacities, including an ongoing consultancy at Livermore and Los Alamos laboratories and membership on the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Commission of the National Research Council.

  His Work: Dr. Rosenbluth's work has been a dominant force in the development of plasma physics as a new field of science. He was not only instrumental in laying the foundations of plasma physics and its relationship to magnetohydrodynamics, but his vast volume of work has led the way to a variety of important applications in the field of controlled fusion research. Most recently, his research on anomalous transport caused by magnetic fluctuations is required reading for anyone wishing to understand this active field.

  His Lecture: April 26, 1986: "Fusion: Our Energy Future"

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  Prospects for NMR Spectroscopy at Very Low Temperatures

  John S. Waugh

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1985-1986).

  Chemist John Waugh recieved the A.B. summa cum Laude from Dartmouth College and the Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology. He has been a member of the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for many years and was named Albert Amos Noyes professor there in 1973. In his career as a scientific educator he has taught in the most distinguished institutions in this country and abroad, including Columbia University, Notre Dame, Tufts University, Princeton, Dartmouth, the University of California at Berkeley, the Cal!fornia Institute of Technology, Harvard Uruvers1ty, the Max Planck Institute in Heidelberg, and the USSR Academy of Sciences. He has been a member of the chemistry advisory panel of the National Science Foundation, a member of the scientific and educational committee of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and a member of the National Academy of Scientists and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is the recipient of the Irving Langmuir Award and of fellowships from the Sloan and Guggenheim foundations and has been a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Physical Society. He is the author of New NMR Methods in Solid State Physics (1978), co-editor of Advances in Magnetic. Resonance, associate editor of The Journal of Chemical Physics and Spectrochimica Acta, and member of the editorial board of Chemical Reviews. In 1984 he received the coveted Wolf Prize.

  His Work: Dr. Waugh's research has focused on the areas of molecular spectroscopy, magnetic resonance, and solid state physics. He is known for his fundamental contributions to the field of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solids.

  His Lecture: April 19, 1986: "Prospects for NMR Spectroscopy at Very Low Temperatures"

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  Neurotransmitters and Drugs That Affect the Mind

  Julius Axelrod

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1984-1985).

  Dr. Axelrod, a Nobel laureate, is Chief of the Section on Pharmacology, Laboratory of Chemical Science, at the Institute of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Born in New York City, Dr. Axelrod received his Ph.D. from New York University and did his postdoctoral work at the George Washington University Laboratory. In 1979, Dr. Axelrod received the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology jointly with Ulf von Euler for their contributions in the area of the sympathetic nervous.system. Other recent awards include the Paul Hoch Award from the American Psychopathological Association, the Albert Einstein Achievement Award from Yeshiva University, the Distinguished Service Award from the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and the Stanley Dean Research A ward from the American College of Psychiatrists. He has received honorary degrees from many institutions, among them George Washington University, The Medical College of Wisconsin, New York University, the City College of New York, and the University of Panama. From 1949 to 1955, Dr. Axelrod was senior chemist with the National Heart Institute; in 1956 he joined the Department of Health, Education and Welfare. He is a member of many editorial and advisory boards, including the Scientific Advisory Board of the American Parkinson Disease Association, the Board of Trustees of the American Life Science Institute, and the Scientific Advisory Board for the McKnight Foundation.

  His Work: A large portion of our current knowledge concerning

  humoral transmitters in sympathetic nerves comes from Dr. Axelrod's work. His earliest work was with tritium-labeled epinephrine and norepinephrine; later he undertook studies that led to the elucidation of the enzymes and intermediates involved in the major route of norepinephrine metabolism. Consequences of this research have included an understanding of the actions of many drugs important in cardiology, psychiatry, and neurology-notably, the introduction of cx-methyldopa for treatment of hypertension and of L-dopa for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

  His Lecture: February 16, 1985: "Neurotransmitters and Drugs That Affect the Mind"

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  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1985-1986

  Bard College

  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Brochure 1985-1986, published by the Bard Center

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  Consumerism and Health: Whose Body Is It, Anyway?

  Claire M. Fagin

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1984-1985).

  Dr. Fagin is Dean of the School of Nursing at the University of Pennsylvania. Born in New York City, she received the Ph.D. from New York University. While earning her doctorate, Dr. Fagin taught at New York University, concentrating on psychiatric and mental health nursing. Prior to her appointment as dean at the University of Pennsylvania, she was director of the Health Professions Institute of Herbert H. Lehman College and was associated with the Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center. Dr. Fagin has edited and written a number of books, including Nursing in Child Psychiatry (1972) and Family Centered Nursing in Community Psychiatry (1970), chosen as Books of the Year in their respective areas by The American Journal of Nursing. Her articles have appeared extensively in professional journals and published anthologies on nursing, psychiatry, and nursing administration. Among Dr. Fagin's many awards have been two fellowships from the National Institute for Mental Health, a Special Distinguished Alumnus A ward at the 50th Anniversary of Nursing at New York University, and an Honorary Doctorate of Science degree from Lycoming College in Pennsylvania. She has served on the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors of the American Orthopsychiatric Association, on the Expert Advisory Panel on Nursing World Health Organization, and on the National Institute of Mental Health's SCOPCE Research Panel. She is a member of the American Academy of Nursing and the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Science. Her professional and public service activities have also included service on editorial and advisory boards and on the special task force on the Mental Health of Children and the New York State Governor's Committee on Children.

  Her Work: Dr. Fagin's major area of research has been the affects of maternal attendance during children's hospitalization, and many improvements in practice have been based on her work. Continuing to investigate this area, she is currently doing research on the cost effectiveness of nursing intervention and nurse-consumer collaboration.

  Her Lecture: April 27, 1985: "Consumerism and Health: Whose Body Is It, Anyway?"

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  The Mathematics Behind the Computer

  Charles L. Fefferman

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1985-1986).

  Dr. Fefferman is Herbert Jones University Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University. Born in Washington, D.C., Dr. Fefferman earned the Ph.D. degree in 1969 at Princeton University. At the age of 22, he was named professor at the University of Chicago and became the youngest full professor in the history of that institution. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Fefferman has held visiting positions at the University of Paris, the Weizmann Institute (Israel), the Institut Mittag-Leffler (Sweden), and New York University. He has lectured at several universities, including the University of California at Berkeley, Harvard University, Columbia University, Cornell University, and Indiana University. While doing graduate work at Princeton, he was awarded a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship and National Science Foundation and Princeton National fellowships. He received the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship in 1970 and a ATO postdoctoral fellowship in 1971. He was awarded the Salem Prize that year by the French government. In 1976, Dr. Fefferman was the first recipient of the ationa1 Science Foundation's Alan T. Waterman Award, a prestigious prize authorized by Congress. In 1978, he received the Fields Medal from the International Congress of Mathematicians. He also hold several honorary doctorates.

  His Work: Dr. Fefferman's research has focused on mathematical subjects in the areas of Fourier analysis, partial differential equations, several complex variables, and mathematical physics. His work in these areas has brought clarity to topics previously considered by many too difficult to be understood at this stage in the development of mathematics.

  His Lecture: October 12, 1985: "The Mathematics Behind the Computer"

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  The Challenge of Particle Physics

  Sheldon Lee Glashow

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1985-1986).

  Dr. Glashow, a Nobel laureate, is Higgins Professor of Physics at Harvard University. His concurrent positions include the Distinguished University Professorship at Boston University, the position of University Scholar at Texas A&M University, an affiliation as senior scientist for the University of Houston, and a consultancy at Brookhaven Laboratories. Born in New York City, Dr. Glashow received the Ph. D. from Harvard and honorary doctor of science degrees from Yeshiva University and Aix-Marseille II. In 1979 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on the Weinberg-Salom theory of weak interaction. In addition to the Nobel, Dr. Glashow has received the J .R. Oppenheimer Prize, the George Ledlie Prize, and the Castiglione di Sicilia Prize. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he is the president of the International Sakharov Committee. In addition to serving on several advisory boards, including the board for the Laboratory of Nuclear Studies at M.l.T., he has served on the editorial boards of a number of scholarly journals in the field of nuclear physics. He has contributed to publications as diverse as the New York Times Magazine, Physics Review, II Tempo, and Nature, as well as a number of academic and general anthologies.

  His Work: Dr. Glashow's research has centered on theory of elementary particles and their interactions. His work has led to a unified picture of strong, weak, and electrodynamic interactions, and to identification of the fundamental constituents of matter.

  His Lecture: December 7, 1985: "The Challenge of Particle Physics"

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  Evidence for a Black Hole at the Center of our Galaxy

  Charles Hard Townes

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1985-1986).

  Dr. Townes, a Nobel laureate, is University Professor of Physics at the University of California at Berkeley. Born in Greenville, South Carolina, Dr. Townes received the Ph.D. in physics from the California Institute of Technology and has since received twenty-one honorary degrees from American and foreign universities and colleges. Dr. Townes has been an Adams Fellow, a Guggenheim Fellow, and a Fulbright lecturer. From 1964 to 1969 he was chair of the science and technology committee for manned space flight at ASA, and in 1968 he was named chair of the President-Elect's Task Force on Space; in 1969 he became chair of the President's Task Force on National Science Policy. He has also served as chair of the President's Committee on Science and Technology (1976-77); as chair of the Committee on Scholarly Exchanges to the People's Republic of China; and as chair for the Committee on MX Basing in 1981, among other positions. In 1964 Dr. Townes received the Nobel Prize in Physics for his "fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle." His other honors include the Comstock Award from the National Academy of Sciences, the Rumford Premium from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the Earle K. Plyler Prize from the American Physics Society (of which he has served as president). He is a foreign member of the Royal Society of London and a member of several professional societies including the National Academy of Sciences and the American Astronomy Society.

  His Work: Dr. Townes's research has been primarily in the area of molecular and nuclear structure. He has done extensive work on questions involving masers and lasers; radio and infrared astronomy; microwave spectroscopy; optics; and quantum electronics.

  His Lecture: November 2, 1985: "Evidence for a Black Hole at the Center of Our Galaxy"

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  The Critical Points of Phase Transformations

  Benjamin Widom

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1984-1985).

  Dr. Widom is professor of chemistry at Cornell University. Born in Newark, New Jersey, he received the B.A. degree from Columbia University and the Ph.D. from Cornell University in 1953. Prior to his appointment at Cornell, Dr. Widom taught and did research in chemistry at the University of Carolina from 1952 to 1963. He has held several fellowships, including Guggenheim and Fulbright Fellowships at the University of Amsterdam, and he was appointed a National Science Foundation Senior Fellow in 1965. Other awards include the Boris Pregel A ward for Research of the New York Academy of Sciences and the American Chemical Society's Award in Chemical Physics. He has been the van der Waals Professor at the University of Amsterdam; the IBM Visiting Professor at Oxford University; a visiting professor of chemistry at Harvard; the Firth Visiting Professor at the University of Sheffield; and in the coming year, the Lorentz Professor at the University of Leiden. He has served as distinguished visiting lecturer at Brown University, the University of North Carolina, and the Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr. Widom has served on a number of editorial and advisory boards for such professional journals as the Journal of Chemical Physics and Molecular Physics. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Physical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He recently served as chairman of the Subdivision of Theoretical Chemistry for the American Chemical Society.

  His Work: The focus of Dr. Widom's research has been on phase transitions and statistical mechanics.

  His Lecture: March 23, 1985: "The Critical Points of Phase Transformations"

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  The Formation of Three-Dimensional Structures of Proteins"

  Christian B, Anfinsen

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1983-1984).

  Dr. Anfinsen, a Nobel laureate, is Professor of Biology at Johns Hopkins University. Born in Monessen, Pennsylvania, Dr. Anfinsen received the Ph.D. degree in 1943 from Harvard University Medical School. In 1972 he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Stanford Moore and William H. Stein for their studies of the enzyme ribonuclease. . Dr. Anfinsen was Visiting Professor of Biochemistry at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovet, Israel from 1981 to 1982. He served as Chief of the Laboratory of Chemical Biology of the Nationall Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases from 1963 to 1981. He has taught at Harvard Medical School, served as Chief of the Laboratory of Cellular Physiology and Metabolism of the National Heart Institute and was Visiting Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford in 1970. He has been a Naff lecturer at the University of Kentucky, Kempner lecturer at the University of Texas Medical Branch-Galveston, Mathers lecturer at Indiana University-Bloomington, Jubilee lecturer of the British Biochemical Society, Leon lecturer at the University of Pennsylvania, and Kelly lecturer at Purdue University. He received the 1954 Rockefeller Foundation Public Service Award, a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1958, and a National Science Foundation Travel Award in 1959. Dr. Anfinsen is a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Danish Academy, the American Philosophical Society, and the Pontifical Academy of Science.

  His Work: Dr. Anfinsen's research interests have included the study of non-uniform labelling in newly-synthesized proteins, study of the relationship between structure and function in enzymes, investigations of an extracellular nuclease of Stnplrylococrns nureus, and study of the isolation and chemical characterization of human interferon. Most recently he has been involved with the study of certain extreme thermophilic bacteria found in vents along the tectonic plates in the Pacific Ocean floor.

  His Lecture: March 13, 1984: "The Formation of Three-Dimensional Structures of Proteins"

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  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1984-1985

  Bard College

  Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1984-1985, published by the Bard Center

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  Lasers in Science and Technology

  Nicolaas Bloembergen

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1984-1985).

  Dr. Bloembergen, a Nobel laureate, is the Gerhard Gade University Professor at Harvard University. Born in Dordrecht, The Netherlands, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Leiden in 1948. He has taught at Harvard University since 1951. In 1981, Dr. Bloembergen was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics jointly with A. L. Schawlow, for their work in the development of laser spectroscopy. For his fundamental contributions, he has been honored by the National Medal of Science, the Lorentz Medal of the Royal Dutch Academy of Science, and the Medal of Honor of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, in addition to many other awards and fellowships. He has directed the E. Fermi Course on onlinear Spectroscopy; and served as an editor for the Journal of Quantum Mechanics, the Journal of Applied Physics, and other professional journals. He has held visiting professorships at such institutions as the College de France and the University of California at Berkeley. In addition to almost three hundred papers on electronics and optics, he is the author of two books, Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation and Nonlinear Optics.

  His Work Dr. Bloembergen's research has included nuclear and electronic magnetic resonance, solid state masers and lasers, and especially nonlinear optics and spectroscopy. Together with his co-workers, he developed a rigorous theory of nonlinear polarizability, the extension of Maxwell's equations to include nonlinear source terms and the interaction of multiple waves in the bulk and at the boundaries of nonlinear media. This latter work led to the extension of the laws of reflection and refraction.

  His Lecture: December 1, 1984: "Lasers in Science and Technology"

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  Biology of Hepatitus B Virus

  Baruch S. Blumberg

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1984-1985).

  Dr. Blumberg, a Nobel laureate, is Eastman Visiting Professor at Balliol College, Oxford University, and Associate Director for Clinical Research and Senior Member of The Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia. Born in New York City, Dr. Blumberg earned the M.D. degree at Columbia University in 1951 and the Ph.D. degree at Oxford University in 1957. Dr. Blumberg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in 1976 for his discovery concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases. Dr. Blumberg has been University Professor of Medicine and Anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania since 1977. He is staff member at Jeanes Hospital and American Oncologic Hospital in Philadelphia, and is attending physician at Veterans Administration Hospital, Pennsylvania Hospital, and the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. He has been a visiting fellow at Trinity College, Oxford, a fellow of the Arthritis and Rheumatism Foundation, and a fellow of the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons. He was chief of the Geographic Medicine and Genetics Section, and attending physician at the Clinical Center of the National Institutes of Health from 1957 to 1964. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Dr. Blumberg has received many awards including the Pennsylvania Medical Society Distinguished Service Award in 1982, the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation A ward of the American College of Physicians in 1977, the Gairdner Foundation International Annual Award and the Modern Medicine Distinguished Achievement Award in 1975. He has received a number of honorary degrees and holds membership in numerous professional organizations and medical societies.

  His Work Dr. Blumberg was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the Australia antigen, an antigenic substance in the blood. His discovery of the Australia antigen ultimately became a major breakthrough in hepatitis research. Dr. Blumberg's work leading to this discovery began as a consequence of his interest in inherited polymorphisms of blood.

  His Lecture: October 13, 1984: "Biology of Hepatitis B Virus"

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  Mapping the Human Genome with D A Polymorphisms

  David Botstein

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1983-1984).

  Dr. Botstein is Professor of Biology at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Born in Zurich, he received the Ph.D. degree in human genetics with a subspecialty in microbial genetics from the University of Michigan. He has been the recipient of a Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship, an IH Career Development Award, and the Eli Lily & Company Award in Microbiology and Immunology. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1981. Dr. Botstein serves on the editorial boards of journal of Virology, and Genetics, and the advisory committee of the ACS Study Section on Virology and Cell Biology. He has also been a member of the advisory committee of the National Science Foundation Study Section on Genetics and Biology. The author of Advanced Bacterial Genetics:.A Manual for Genetic Engineering (1980), Dr. Botstein has contributed to many professional journals, including the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U S.A, Cell, and Gene.

  His Work:Dr. Botstein's research has concerned itself with the molecular biology of the life cycle of the temperate Salmonella phage P22, and with several aspects of the molecular genetics of yeast.

  His Lecture: May 5, 1984: "Mapping the Human Genome D A Polymorphisms"

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  Twentieth Century Geometry

  Charles L. Fefferman

  (This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1983-1984).

  Dr. Fefferman is Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University. Born in Washington, D.C., Dr. Fefferman earned the Ph.D. degree in 1969 at Princeton University. At the age of 22, he was named professor at the University of Chicago and became the youngest full professor at any United States university. In 1974, when he was named professor at Princeton, he was the youngest full professor in the history of that institution. A member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the National Academy of Sciences, Dr. Fefferman has held visiting positions at the University of Paris, the Weizmann Institute (Israel), the Institute Mittag-Leffler (Sweden), and ew York University. He has lectured at several universities, including the University of California at Berkeley, Harvard University, Columbia University, Cornell University, and Indiana University. While doing graduate work at Princeton, he was awarded a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship and National Science Foundation and Princeton National fellowships. He received the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellowship in 1970 and a NATO postdoctoral fellowship in 1971. He was awarded the Salem Prize that year by the French government. In 1976, Dr. Fefferman was the first recipient of the National Science Foundation's Alan T. Waterman Award, a prestigious prize authorized by Congress. In 1978, he received a Fields Medal from the International Congress of Mathematicians. He also holds several honorary doctorates.

  His Work: Dr. Fefferman's research has focused on mathematical subjects in the areas of Fourier analysis, partial differential equations, and several complex variables. His work in these areas has brought clarity to topics previously considered by many too difficult to be understood at this stage in the development of mathematics.

  His Lecture: April 14, 1984: "Twentieth Century Geometry