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Genes Mediating a Complex Behavior in a Simple Organism
Richard Axel
(This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).
Dr. Axel is professor in the Department of Pathology and Biochemistry at Columbia University. Born in Brooklyn, ew York, Dr. Axel received the A.B. degree from Columbia University and the M.D. degree from Johns Hopkin School of Medicine. He interned in pathology at the Columbia allege of Physician and Surgeons in 1970-71. He held positions a a fellow in pathology and oncology at the Institute for Cancer Research; as a visiting fellow in the Department of Pathology of Columbia University. Until recently he was acting director of the Institute of Cancer Research, in addition to his professorial position. Dr. Axel ha received the Young Scientist Award of the Passano Foundation, the Alan T. Waterman Award, and the Eli Lilly Award. Since 1976 he has been associate editor of Cell magazine. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Art and Sciences, and is a contributor to se era! professional journals.
His Work: Dr. Axel's work ha focused on the control of gene expression in normal and transformed cells. Dr. Axel has developed procedures which permit the introduction of any gene into animal cells. This work ha permitted the analysis of gene function by "surrogate" genetics and provides a rationale for gene theory. More recently he has identified gene which mediate complex behaviors in simple organisms.
His Lecture April 25, 1987:" Genes Mediating a Complex Behavior in a Simple Organism".
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The Quest for the Origin of the Elements
William A. Fowler
(This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).
A Nobel laureate, Dr. Fowler is Institute Professor of Physics emeritus at California Institute of Technology. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Dr. Fowler received the Ph.D. degree in physics from the California Institute of Technology with a dissertation on "Radioactive Elements of Low AtomicN umber." He taught at the California Institute of Technology from 1936-1982, and held numerous named lectureships, including a Fulbright lectureship at Cambridge University. Dr. Fowler has been a Guggenheim Fellow and a recipient of the USA Medal for Merit, the NASA Apollo Achievement Award, the National Medal of Science, and the Tom W. Bonner Prize of the America! Physical Society. He has received numerous honorary degrees, most recently from Georgetown University (1986). In 1983 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for "theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe." Dr. Fowler has had a long history of service to the scientific community. He has chaired the Physics Section of NAS, the Nuclear Science Advisory Committee of the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Physical Sciences, AMPS; he has served as president of the American Physical Society and is a founding member of the Planetary Society and the Society for Scientific Exploration.
His Work Dr. Fowler's research has been in nuclear forces and reaction rates; nuclear spectroscopy; the structure of light nuclei; nuclear astrophysics, thermonuclear sources of stellar energy and element synthesis in stars and supernovae; supernova models; isotopic anomalie in meteorites and the origin of the solar system; nucleocosmochronology; and the study of general relativistic effects in quasar and pulsar models.
His Lecture March 7, 1987: "The Quest for the Origin of the Elements"
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Toward a Molecular Understanding of Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis
Joseph L. Goldstein
(This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).
Dr. Goldstein, a Nobel laureate, is Regental Professor, professor of internal medicine, and chairman of the Department of Molecular Genetics for the Health Science Center of the University of Texas. Born in Sumter, South Carolina, he received the B.S. degree from Washington and Lee University and the M. D. degree from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School and did his residency at Massachusetts General Hospital. In addition to his research, he continues to practice at Parkland Memorial Hospital as senior attending physician. Among Dr. Goldstein's many awards are the Pfizer Award for Enzyme Chemistry of the American Chemical Society, the ew York Academy of Sciences Award in Biological and Medical Sciences, the Albert D. Lasker Award in Basic Medical Research, the American College of Physicians Award, and the Lita Annanberg Hazen Award. In 1985, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Michael S. Brown, for their work in genetics, which ha led to a better understanding of lipoprotein accumulation and atherosclerosis. Dr. Goldstein is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American College of Physicians. He currently serves as president of the American Society for Clinical Investigation and is a member of the Medical Advisory Board of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He is also a member of numerous boards of professional journals, including Science, Cell, Journal of Biological Chemistry, and Molecular Biology and Medicine; he is the co-editor of The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. In 1982 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Chicago.
His Work: Dr. Goldstein's research has been in the areas of human biochemical genetics, the regulation of cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism, and membrane receptor .
His Lecture: February 21, 1987: "Toward a Molecular Understanding of Cholesterol and Atherosclerosis"
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Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987
Bard College
Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Brochure 1986-1987, published by the Bard Center
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On Gravitational Collapse, Black Holes, and Colliding Waves"
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
(This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).
A Nobel laureate, Dr. Chandrasekhar was born in Lahore, India, and is currently Distinguished Service Professor at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago. After receiving the B.A. from the University of Madras, Dr. Chandrasekhar attended Cambridge University, where he earned the Ph.D. degree in theoretical physics and the Sc.D. degree in astrophysics. He taught at Trinity College, Cambridge, until 1945, when he was appointed to the Yerkes Observatory. It has been said that Dr. Chandrasekhar's research has "made black holes possible." In 1983, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his important theoretical studies of the physical processes in the structure and evolution of stars. Among his other awards, Dr. Chandrasekhar has received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, the National Medal of Science, and the Heinemann Prize of the American Physical Society. A member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Dr. Chandrasekhar has contributed to a number of scientific journals and was editor of Astrophysics from 1952 to 1971.
His Work: Dr. Chandrasekhar has done research into the internal constitution of stars, white dwarfs, dynamics of stellar systems, theory of stellar atmospheres, radiative transfer, hydrodynamics and hydromagnetics, and general relativity.
His Lecture: October 25, 1986: "On Gravitational Collapse, Black Holes, and Colliding Waves"
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The Visual Pathways and Perception: Evidence for Distinct Subsystem in Vision
David Hunter Hubel
(This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).
Dr. Hubel, a Nobel laureate, is John Franklin Ender University Professor in the Department of Neurobiology at Harvard University. He is also a senior fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows and an associate of Leverett House, Harvard. Born in Windsor, Ontario, Dr. Hubel received the B.Sc. and the M.D. from McGill University and Medical School. He completed his residency at Montreal Neurological Institute, where he was a fellow in electroencephalography. Recognition for his work has included Harvard's Ledlie Prize, the Horwitz Prize of Columbia University, the Friedenwald Award, honorary degrees from Harvard, McGill, and the University of Manitoba. He has given named lectureships at the University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, Princeton University, Harvard University, the Weizmann Institute of Science, and others. In 1981 he received the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology with Torsten Weisel for "information processing in the visual system." Dr. Hubel is a member of the Royal Society (London), the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the American Physiological Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Science , among others.
His Work: Dr. Hubel's research has focused on the neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of the visual systems of higher mammals.
His Lecture: October 11, 1986: "The Visual Pathways and Perception: Evidence for Distinct Subsystems in Vision"
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The Immune System: A Model for Studying Differentiation
Marian Koshland
(This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).
Dr. Koshland is professor of bacteriology and immunology at the University of California at Berkeley. Born in New Haven, Connecticut, she received the B.A. degree from Vassar College and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Chicago. Dr. Koshland began her professional career by working at the Office of Scientific Research and Development in Chicago and, during World War II, on the Atomic Bomb Project, Manhattan District, in Tennessee. She has also done research at Brookhaven National Laboratory, where she was bacteriologist until 1965. In addition to her position at the University of California, Dr. Koshland has recently been a fellow in bacteriology and immunology at Harvard University and a member of the executive committee of the National Science Board, National Science Foundation. In 1975 she served on the President's Biomedical Research Panel in immunology and microbiology. She is currently a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Microbiologists, and the American Association of Immunologists (where she served as president in 1982-83), among others.
Her Work: Dr. Koshland's research has focused on the mechanism of antibody synthesis, including the roles of J chain and IgM in the differentiation of antibody-forming cells; and on the genetic control of J and heavy chain synthesis.
Her Lecture: December 13, 1986: "The Immune System: A Model for Studying Differentiation"
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Some Simple Dynamical Systems
John Willard Milnor
(This information was taken from the Distinguished Scientist Lecture Series Program 1986-1987).
Dr. Milnor holds the Veblen Chair at the Institute for Advanced Study, of which he has been a member since 1963. Born in Orange, ew Jersey, Dr. Milnor received the A.B. and the Ph.D. degrees from Princeton University, where he taught-as Higgins Lecturer, Henry Putnam University Professor, and chairman of the department-until 1966. He has been Alfred P. Sloan Fellow and visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley, visiting professor at the University of California, Los Angeles; and professor of mathematics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Honors for his work have included the Field Medal awarded by the International Mathematical Union in 1962, the National Medal of Science awarded in 1966, the Steele Prize awarded by the American Mathematical Society in 1982, and honorary degrees from Syracuse University and the University of Chicago, among other . Dr. Milnor is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Mathematical Society, and the American Philosophical Society. He has been associated with the Institute for Advanced Study since 1963, when he became a long-term member. He has published in the Journal of Differential Geometry;, American Mathematical Monthly, and the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, among other periodicals.
His Wor: Dr. Milnor's research has concentrated on differential topology, especially the topology of manifolds; differential geometry; and dynamical systems.
His Lecture: November 15, 1986: "Some Simple Dynamical Systems"
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